rewrite unsafe code in midi handling

daw-backend/src/audio/engine.rs

@@ -317,15 +317,9 @@ impl Engine {
             self.project.reset_read_ahead_targets();
 
             // Render the entire project hierarchy into the mix buffer
-            // Note: We need to use a raw pointer to avoid borrow checker issues
-            // The midi_clip_pool is part of project, so we extract a reference before mutable borrow
-            let midi_pool_ptr = &self.project.midi_clip_pool as *const _;
-            // SAFETY: The midi_clip_pool is not mutated during render, only read
-            let midi_pool_ref = unsafe { &*midi_pool_ptr };
             self.project.render(
                 &mut self.mix_buffer,
                 &self.audio_pool,
-                midi_pool_ref,
                 &mut self.buffer_pool,
                 playhead_seconds,
                 self.sample_rate,
@@ -1131,8 +1125,10 @@ impl Engine {
                     // Save position
                     graph.set_node_position(node_idx, x, y);
 
-                    // Automatically set MIDI-receiving nodes as MIDI targets
+                    // Automatically set MIDI source nodes as MIDI targets
-                    if node_type == "MidiInput" || node_type == "VoiceAllocator" {
+                    // VoiceAllocator receives MIDI through its input port via connections,
+                    // not directly — it needs a MidiInput node connected to its MIDI In
+                    if node_type == "MidiInput" {
                         graph.set_midi_target(node_idx, true);
                     }
 
@@ -1149,7 +1145,7 @@ impl Engine {
                 }
             }
 
-            Command::GraphAddNodeToTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_type, _x, _y) => {
+            Command::GraphAddNodeToTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_type, x, y) => {
                 if let Some(TrackNode::Midi(track)) = self.project.get_track_mut(track_id) {
                     let graph = &mut track.instrument_graph;
                     {
@@ -1209,7 +1205,9 @@ impl Engine {
                         // Add node to VoiceAllocator's template graph
                         match graph.add_node_to_voice_allocator_template(va_idx, node) {
                             Ok(node_id) => {
-                                println!("Added node {} (ID: {}) to VoiceAllocator {} template", node_type, node_id, voice_allocator_id);
+                                // Set node position in the template graph
+                                graph.set_position_in_voice_allocator_template(va_idx, node_id, x, y);
+                                println!("Added node {} (ID: {}) to VoiceAllocator {} template at ({}, {})", node_type, node_id, voice_allocator_id, x, y);
                                 let _ = self.event_tx.push(AudioEvent::GraphNodeAdded(track_id, node_id, node_type.clone()));
                             }
                             Err(e) => {
@@ -1298,6 +1296,58 @@ impl Engine {
                 }
             }
 
+            Command::GraphDisconnectInTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, from, from_port, to, to_port) => {
+                if let Some(TrackNode::Midi(track)) = self.project.get_track_mut(track_id) {
+                    let graph = &mut track.instrument_graph;
+                    let va_idx = NodeIndex::new(voice_allocator_id as usize);
+
+                    match graph.disconnect_in_voice_allocator_template(va_idx, from, from_port, to, to_port) {
+                        Ok(()) => {
+                            let _ = self.event_tx.push(AudioEvent::GraphStateChanged(track_id));
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            let _ = self.event_tx.push(AudioEvent::GraphConnectionError(
+                                track_id,
+                                format!("Failed to disconnect in template: {}", e)
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Command::GraphRemoveNodeFromTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_index) => {
+                if let Some(TrackNode::Midi(track)) = self.project.get_track_mut(track_id) {
+                    let graph = &mut track.instrument_graph;
+                    let va_idx = NodeIndex::new(voice_allocator_id as usize);
+
+                    match graph.remove_node_from_voice_allocator_template(va_idx, node_index) {
+                        Ok(()) => {
+                            let _ = self.event_tx.push(AudioEvent::GraphStateChanged(track_id));
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            let _ = self.event_tx.push(AudioEvent::GraphConnectionError(
+                                track_id,
+                                format!("Failed to remove node from template: {}", e)
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Command::GraphSetParameterInTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_index, param_id, value) => {
+                if let Some(TrackNode::Midi(track)) = self.project.get_track_mut(track_id) {
+                    let graph = &mut track.instrument_graph;
+                    let va_idx = NodeIndex::new(voice_allocator_id as usize);
+
+                    if let Err(e) = graph.set_parameter_in_voice_allocator_template(va_idx, node_index, param_id, value) {
+                        let _ = self.event_tx.push(AudioEvent::GraphConnectionError(
+                            track_id,
+                            format!("Failed to set parameter in template: {}", e)
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
             Command::GraphDisconnect(track_id, from, from_port, to, to_port) => {
                 eprintln!("[AUDIO ENGINE] GraphDisconnect: track={}, from={}, from_port={}, to={}, to_port={}", track_id, from, from_port, to, to_port);
                 let graph = match self.project.get_track_mut(track_id) {
@@ -1346,6 +1396,14 @@ impl Engine {
                 }
             }
 
+            Command::GraphSetNodePositionInTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_index, x, y) => {
+                if let Some(TrackNode::Midi(track)) = self.project.get_track_mut(track_id) {
+                    let graph = &mut track.instrument_graph;
+                    let va_idx = NodeIndex::new(voice_allocator_id as usize);
+                    graph.set_position_in_voice_allocator_template(va_idx, node_index, x, y);
+                }
+            }
+
             Command::GraphSetMidiTarget(track_id, node_index, enabled) => {
                 if let Some(TrackNode::Midi(track)) = self.project.get_track_mut(track_id) {
                     let graph = &mut track.instrument_graph;
@@ -1467,12 +1525,8 @@ impl Engine {
 
                     // Get the VoiceAllocator node and serialize its template
                     if let Some(node) = graph.get_node(va_idx) {
-                        // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode
+                        // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode using safe Any trait
-                        let node_ptr = node as *const dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                        if let Some(va_node) = node.as_any().downcast_ref::<VoiceAllocatorNode>() {
-                        let node_ptr = node_ptr as *const VoiceAllocatorNode;
-
-                        unsafe {
-                            let va_node = &*node_ptr;
                             let template_preset = va_node.template_graph().to_preset(&preset_name);
 
                             // Write to file
@@ -1494,12 +1548,8 @@ impl Engine {
                     let node_idx = NodeIndex::new(node_id as usize);
 
                     if let Some(graph_node) = graph.get_graph_node_mut(node_idx) {
-                        // Downcast to SimpleSamplerNode
+                        // Downcast to SimpleSamplerNode using safe Any trait
-                        let node_ptr = &mut *graph_node.node as *mut dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                        if let Some(sampler_node) = graph_node.node.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<SimpleSamplerNode>() {
-                        let node_ptr = node_ptr as *mut SimpleSamplerNode;
-
-                        unsafe {
-                            let sampler_node = &mut *node_ptr;
                             if let Err(e) = sampler_node.load_sample_from_file(&file_path) {
                                 eprintln!("Failed to load sample: {}", e);
                             }
@@ -1516,12 +1566,8 @@ impl Engine {
                     let node_idx = NodeIndex::new(node_id as usize);
 
                     if let Some(graph_node) = graph.get_graph_node_mut(node_idx) {
-                        // Downcast to MultiSamplerNode
+                        // Downcast to MultiSamplerNode using safe Any trait
-                        let node_ptr = &mut *graph_node.node as *mut dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                        if let Some(multi_sampler_node) = graph_node.node.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<MultiSamplerNode>() {
-                        let node_ptr = node_ptr as *mut MultiSamplerNode;
-
-                        unsafe {
-                            let multi_sampler_node = &mut *node_ptr;
                             if let Err(e) = multi_sampler_node.load_layer_from_file(&file_path, key_min, key_max, root_key, velocity_min, velocity_max, loop_start, loop_end, loop_mode) {
                                 eprintln!("Failed to add sample layer: {}", e);
                             }
@@ -1538,12 +1584,8 @@ impl Engine {
                     let node_idx = NodeIndex::new(node_id as usize);
 
                     if let Some(graph_node) = graph.get_graph_node_mut(node_idx) {
-                        // Downcast to MultiSamplerNode
+                        // Downcast to MultiSamplerNode using safe Any trait
-                        let node_ptr = &mut *graph_node.node as *mut dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                        if let Some(multi_sampler_node) = graph_node.node.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<MultiSamplerNode>() {
-                        let node_ptr = node_ptr as *mut MultiSamplerNode;
-
-                        unsafe {
-                            let multi_sampler_node = &mut *node_ptr;
                             if let Err(e) = multi_sampler_node.update_layer(layer_index, key_min, key_max, root_key, velocity_min, velocity_max, loop_start, loop_end, loop_mode) {
                                 eprintln!("Failed to update sample layer: {}", e);
                             }
@@ -1560,12 +1602,8 @@ impl Engine {
                     let node_idx = NodeIndex::new(node_id as usize);
 
                     if let Some(graph_node) = graph.get_graph_node_mut(node_idx) {
-                        // Downcast to MultiSamplerNode
+                        // Downcast to MultiSamplerNode using safe Any trait
-                        let node_ptr = &mut *graph_node.node as *mut dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                        if let Some(multi_sampler_node) = graph_node.node.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<MultiSamplerNode>() {
-                        let node_ptr = node_ptr as *mut MultiSamplerNode;
-
-                        unsafe {
-                            let multi_sampler_node = &mut *node_ptr;
                             if let Err(e) = multi_sampler_node.remove_layer(layer_index) {
                                 eprintln!("Failed to remove sample layer: {}", e);
                             }
@@ -1875,16 +1913,15 @@ impl Engine {
                     let graph = &mut track.instrument_graph;
                     let node_idx = NodeIndex::new(voice_allocator_id as usize);
                     if let Some(graph_node) = graph.get_graph_node_mut(node_idx) {
-                        // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode
+                        // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode using safe Any trait
-                        let node_ptr = &*graph_node.node as *const dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                        if let Some(va_node) = graph_node.node.as_any().downcast_ref::<VoiceAllocatorNode>() {
-                        let node_ptr = node_ptr as *const VoiceAllocatorNode;
-                        unsafe {
-                            let va_node = &*node_ptr;
                             let template_preset = va_node.template_graph().to_preset("template");
                             match template_preset.to_json() {
                                 Ok(json) => QueryResponse::GraphState(Ok(json)),
                                 Err(e) => QueryResponse::GraphState(Err(format!("Failed to serialize template: {:?}", e))),
                             }
+                        } else {
+                            QueryResponse::GraphState(Err("Node is not a VoiceAllocatorNode".to_string()))
                         }
                     } else {
                         QueryResponse::GraphState(Err("Voice allocator node not found".to_string()))
@@ -2106,15 +2143,11 @@ impl Engine {
             Query::ExportAudio(settings, output_path) => {
                 // Perform export directly - this will block the audio thread but that's okay
                 // since we're exporting and not playing back anyway
-                // Use raw pointer to get midi_pool reference before mutable borrow of project
-                let midi_pool_ptr: *const _ = &self.project.midi_clip_pool;
-                let midi_pool_ref = unsafe { &*midi_pool_ptr };
 
                 // Pass event_tx directly - Rust allows borrowing different fields simultaneously
                 match crate::audio::export_audio(
                     &mut self.project,
                     &self.audio_pool,
-                    midi_pool_ref,
                     &settings,
                     &output_path,
                     Some(&mut self.event_tx),
@@ -2945,6 +2978,18 @@ impl EngineController {
         let _ = self.command_tx.push(Command::GraphConnectInTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, from_node, from_port, to_node, to_port));
     }
 
+    pub fn graph_disconnect_in_template(&mut self, track_id: TrackId, voice_allocator_id: u32, from_node: u32, from_port: usize, to_node: u32, to_port: usize) {
+        let _ = self.command_tx.push(Command::GraphDisconnectInTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, from_node, from_port, to_node, to_port));
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_remove_node_from_template(&mut self, track_id: TrackId, voice_allocator_id: u32, node_id: u32) {
+        let _ = self.command_tx.push(Command::GraphRemoveNodeFromTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_id));
+    }
+
+    pub fn graph_set_parameter_in_template(&mut self, track_id: TrackId, voice_allocator_id: u32, node_id: u32, param_id: u32, value: f32) {
+        let _ = self.command_tx.push(Command::GraphSetParameterInTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_id, param_id, value));
+    }
+
     /// Remove a node from a track's instrument graph
     pub fn graph_remove_node(&mut self, track_id: TrackId, node_id: u32) {
         let _ = self.command_tx.push(Command::GraphRemoveNode(track_id, node_id));
@@ -2970,6 +3015,10 @@ impl EngineController {
         let _ = self.command_tx.push(Command::GraphSetNodePosition(track_id, node_id, x, y));
     }
 
+    pub fn graph_set_node_position_in_template(&mut self, track_id: TrackId, voice_allocator_id: u32, node_id: u32, x: f32, y: f32) {
+        let _ = self.command_tx.push(Command::GraphSetNodePositionInTemplate(track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_id, x, y));
+    }
+
     /// Set which node receives MIDI events in a track's instrument graph
     pub fn graph_set_midi_target(&mut self, track_id: TrackId, node_id: u32, enabled: bool) {
         let _ = self.command_tx.push(Command::GraphSetMidiTarget(track_id, node_id, enabled));

daw-backend/src/audio/export.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use super::buffer_pool::BufferPool;
-use super::midi_pool::MidiClipPool;
 use super::pool::AudioPool;
 use super::project::Project;
 use crate::command::AudioEvent;
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@ impl Default for ExportSettings {
 pub fn export_audio<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     project: &mut Project,
     pool: &AudioPool,
-    midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
     settings: &ExportSettings,
     output_path: P,
     mut event_tx: Option<&mut rtrb::Producer<AudioEvent>>,
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ pub fn export_audio<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     // Ensure export mode is disabled even if an error occurs.
     let result = match settings.format {
         ExportFormat::Wav | ExportFormat::Flac => {
-            let samples = render_to_memory(project, pool, midi_pool, settings, event_tx.as_mut().map(|tx| &mut **tx))?;
+            let samples = render_to_memory(project, pool, settings, event_tx.as_mut().map(|tx| &mut **tx))?;
             // Signal that rendering is done and we're now writing the file
             if let Some(ref mut tx) = event_tx {
                 let _ = tx.push(AudioEvent::ExportFinalizing);
@@ -99,10 +97,10 @@ pub fn export_audio<P: AsRef<Path>>(
             }
         }
         ExportFormat::Mp3 => {
-            export_mp3(project, pool, midi_pool, settings, output_path, event_tx)
+            export_mp3(project, pool, settings, output_path, event_tx)
         }
         ExportFormat::Aac => {
-            export_aac(project, pool, midi_pool, settings, output_path, event_tx)
+            export_aac(project, pool, settings, output_path, event_tx)
         }
     };
 
@@ -125,7 +123,6 @@ pub fn export_audio<P: AsRef<Path>>(
 pub fn render_to_memory(
     project: &mut Project,
     pool: &AudioPool,
-    midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
     settings: &ExportSettings,
     mut event_tx: Option<&mut rtrb::Producer<AudioEvent>>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<f32>, String>
@@ -162,7 +159,6 @@ pub fn render_to_memory(
         project.render(
             &mut render_buffer,
             pool,
-            midi_pool,
             &mut buffer_pool,
             playhead,
             settings.sample_rate,
@@ -302,7 +298,6 @@ fn write_flac<P: AsRef<Path>>(
 fn export_mp3<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     project: &mut Project,
     pool: &AudioPool,
-    midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
     settings: &ExportSettings,
     output_path: P,
     mut event_tx: Option<&mut rtrb::Producer<AudioEvent>>,
@@ -382,7 +377,6 @@ fn export_mp3<P: AsRef<Path>>(
         project.render(
             &mut render_buffer,
             pool,
-            midi_pool,
             &mut buffer_pool,
             playhead,
             settings.sample_rate,
@@ -472,7 +466,6 @@ fn export_mp3<P: AsRef<Path>>(
 fn export_aac<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     project: &mut Project,
     pool: &AudioPool,
-    midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
     settings: &ExportSettings,
     output_path: P,
     mut event_tx: Option<&mut rtrb::Producer<AudioEvent>>,
@@ -552,7 +545,6 @@ fn export_aac<P: AsRef<Path>>(
         project.render(
             &mut render_buffer,
             pool,
-            midi_pool,
             &mut buffer_pool,
             playhead,
             settings.sample_rate,
@@ -689,16 +681,24 @@ fn encode_complete_frame_mp3(
     frame.set_pts(Some(pts));
 
     // Copy all planar samples to frame
-    unsafe {
+    for ch in 0..channels {
-        for ch in 0..channels {
+        let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
-            let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
+        let src = &planar_samples[ch];
-            let src = &planar_samples[ch];
 
-            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+        // Verify buffer size
-                src.as_ptr() as *const u8,
+        let byte_size = num_frames * std::mem::size_of::<i16>();
-                plane.as_mut_ptr(),
+        if plane.len() < byte_size {
-                num_frames * std::mem::size_of::<i16>(),
+            return Err(format!(
-            );
+                "FFmpeg frame buffer too small: {} bytes, need {} bytes",
+                plane.len(), byte_size
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Safe byte-level copy
+        for (i, &sample) in src.iter().enumerate() {
+            let bytes = sample.to_ne_bytes();
+            let offset = i * 2;
+            plane[offset..offset + 2].copy_from_slice(&bytes);
         }
     }
 
@@ -734,16 +734,24 @@ fn encode_complete_frame_aac(
     frame.set_pts(Some(pts));
 
     // Copy all planar samples to frame
-    unsafe {
+    for ch in 0..channels {
-        for ch in 0..channels {
+        let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
-            let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
+        let src = &planar_samples[ch];
-            let src = &planar_samples[ch];
 
-            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+        // Verify buffer size
-                src.as_ptr() as *const u8,
+        let byte_size = num_frames * std::mem::size_of::<f32>();
-                plane.as_mut_ptr(),
+        if plane.len() < byte_size {
-                num_frames * std::mem::size_of::<f32>(),
+            return Err(format!(
-            );
+                "FFmpeg frame buffer too small: {} bytes, need {} bytes",
+                plane.len(), byte_size
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Safe byte-level copy
+        for (i, &sample) in src.iter().enumerate() {
+            let bytes = sample.to_ne_bytes();
+            let offset = i * 4;
+            plane[offset..offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&bytes);
         }
     }
 

daw-backend/src/audio/node_graph/graph.rs

@@ -281,29 +281,19 @@ impl AudioGraph {
             // This is tricky with trait objects, so we'll need to use Any
             // For now, let's use a different approach - store the node pointer temporarily
 
-            // Check node type first
+            // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode using safe Any trait
-            if graph_node.node.node_type() != "VoiceAllocator" {
+            let va = graph_node.node.as_any_mut()
-                return Err("Node is not a VoiceAllocator".to_string());
+                .downcast_mut::<VoiceAllocatorNode>()
-            }
+                .ok_or_else(|| "Node is not a VoiceAllocator".to_string())?;
 
-            // Get mutable reference and downcast using raw pointers
+            // Add node to template graph
-            let node_ptr = &mut *graph_node.node as *mut dyn AudioNode;
+            let node_idx = va.template_graph_mut().add_node(node);
+            let node_id = node_idx.index() as u32;
 
-            // SAFETY: We just checked that this is a VoiceAllocator
+            // Rebuild voice instances from template
-            // This is safe because we know the concrete type
+            va.rebuild_voices();
-            unsafe {
-                let va_ptr = node_ptr as *mut VoiceAllocatorNode;
-                let va = &mut *va_ptr;
 
-                // Add node to template graph
+            return Ok(node_id);
-                let node_idx = va.template_graph_mut().add_node(node);
-                let node_id = node_idx.index() as u32;
-
-                // Rebuild voice instances from template
-                va.rebuild_voices();
-
-                return Ok(node_id);
-            }
         }
 
         Err("VoiceAllocator node not found".to_string())
@@ -322,36 +312,130 @@ impl AudioGraph {
 
         // Get the VoiceAllocator node
         if let Some(graph_node) = self.graph.node_weight_mut(voice_allocator_idx) {
-            // Check node type first
+            // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode using safe Any trait
-            if graph_node.node.node_type() != "VoiceAllocator" {
+            let va = graph_node.node.as_any_mut()
-                return Err("Node is not a VoiceAllocator".to_string());
+                .downcast_mut::<VoiceAllocatorNode>()
-            }
+                .ok_or_else(|| "Node is not a VoiceAllocator".to_string())?;
 
-            // Get mutable reference and downcast using raw pointers
+            // Connect in template graph
-            let node_ptr = &mut *graph_node.node as *mut dyn AudioNode;
+            let from_idx = NodeIndex::new(from_node as usize);
+            let to_idx = NodeIndex::new(to_node as usize);
 
-            // SAFETY: We just checked that this is a VoiceAllocator
+            va.template_graph_mut().connect(from_idx, from_port, to_idx, to_port)
-            unsafe {
+                .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?;
-                let va_ptr = node_ptr as *mut VoiceAllocatorNode;
-                let va = &mut *va_ptr;
 
-                // Connect in template graph
+            // Rebuild voice instances from template
-                let from_idx = NodeIndex::new(from_node as usize);
+            va.rebuild_voices();
-                let to_idx = NodeIndex::new(to_node as usize);
 
-                va.template_graph_mut().connect(from_idx, from_port, to_idx, to_port)
+            return Ok(());
-                    .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?;
-
-                // Rebuild voice instances from template
-                va.rebuild_voices();
-
-                return Ok(());
-            }
         }
 
         Err("VoiceAllocator node not found".to_string())
     }
 
+    /// Disconnect two nodes in a VoiceAllocator's template graph
+    pub fn disconnect_in_voice_allocator_template(
+        &mut self,
+        voice_allocator_idx: NodeIndex,
+        from_node: u32,
+        from_port: usize,
+        to_node: u32,
+        to_port: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        use crate::audio::node_graph::nodes::VoiceAllocatorNode;
+
+        if let Some(graph_node) = self.graph.node_weight_mut(voice_allocator_idx) {
+            // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode using safe Any trait
+            let va = graph_node.node.as_any_mut()
+                .downcast_mut::<VoiceAllocatorNode>()
+                .ok_or_else(|| "Node is not a VoiceAllocator".to_string())?;
+
+            let from_idx = NodeIndex::new(from_node as usize);
+            let to_idx = NodeIndex::new(to_node as usize);
+
+            va.template_graph_mut().disconnect(from_idx, from_port, to_idx, to_port);
+            va.rebuild_voices();
+
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        Err("VoiceAllocator node not found".to_string())
+    }
+
+    /// Remove a node from a VoiceAllocator's template graph
+    pub fn remove_node_from_voice_allocator_template(
+        &mut self,
+        voice_allocator_idx: NodeIndex,
+        node_id: u32,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        use crate::audio::node_graph::nodes::VoiceAllocatorNode;
+
+        if let Some(graph_node) = self.graph.node_weight_mut(voice_allocator_idx) {
+            // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode using safe Any trait
+            let va = graph_node.node.as_any_mut()
+                .downcast_mut::<VoiceAllocatorNode>()
+                .ok_or_else(|| "Node is not a VoiceAllocator".to_string())?;
+
+            let node_idx = NodeIndex::new(node_id as usize);
+            va.template_graph_mut().remove_node(node_idx);
+            va.rebuild_voices();
+
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        Err("VoiceAllocator node not found".to_string())
+    }
+
+    /// Set a parameter on a node in a VoiceAllocator's template graph
+    pub fn set_parameter_in_voice_allocator_template(
+        &mut self,
+        voice_allocator_idx: NodeIndex,
+        node_id: u32,
+        param_id: u32,
+        value: f32,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        use crate::audio::node_graph::nodes::VoiceAllocatorNode;
+
+        if let Some(graph_node) = self.graph.node_weight_mut(voice_allocator_idx) {
+            // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode using safe Any trait
+            let va = graph_node.node.as_any_mut()
+                .downcast_mut::<VoiceAllocatorNode>()
+                .ok_or_else(|| "Node is not a VoiceAllocator".to_string())?;
+
+            let node_idx = NodeIndex::new(node_id as usize);
+            if let Some(template_node) = va.template_graph_mut().get_graph_node_mut(node_idx) {
+                template_node.node.set_parameter(param_id, value);
+            } else {
+                return Err("Node not found in template".to_string());
+            }
+
+            va.rebuild_voices();
+
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        Err("VoiceAllocator node not found".to_string())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the position of a node in a VoiceAllocator's template graph
+    pub fn set_position_in_voice_allocator_template(
+        &mut self,
+        voice_allocator_idx: NodeIndex,
+        node_id: u32,
+        x: f32,
+        y: f32,
+    ) {
+        use crate::audio::node_graph::nodes::VoiceAllocatorNode;
+
+        if let Some(graph_node) = self.graph.node_weight_mut(voice_allocator_idx) {
+            // Downcast to VoiceAllocatorNode using safe Any trait
+            if let Some(va) = graph_node.node.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<VoiceAllocatorNode>() {
+                let node_idx = NodeIndex::new(node_id as usize);
+                va.template_graph_mut().set_node_position(node_idx, x, y);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Process the graph and produce audio output
     pub fn process(&mut self, output_buffer: &mut [f32], midi_events: &[MidiEvent], playback_time: f64) {
         // Update playback time
@@ -523,30 +607,21 @@ impl AudioGraph {
             let num_midi_outputs = outputs.iter().filter(|p| p.signal_type == SignalType::Midi).count();
 
             // Create mutable slices for audio/CV outputs
-            let mut output_slices: Vec<&mut [f32]> = Vec::with_capacity(num_audio_cv_outputs);
+            // Each buffer is independent, so this is safe
-            for i in 0..num_audio_cv_outputs {
+            let mut output_slices: Vec<&mut [f32]> = node.output_buffers
-                if i < node.output_buffers.len() {
+                .iter_mut()
-                    // Safety: We need to work around borrowing rules here
+                .take(num_audio_cv_outputs)
-                    // This is safe because each output buffer is independent
+                .map(|buf| {
-                    let buffer = &mut node.output_buffers[i] as *mut Vec<f32>;
+                    let len = buf.len();
-                    unsafe {
+                    &mut buf[..process_size.min(len)]
-                        let slice = &mut (&mut *buffer)[..process_size.min((*buffer).len())];
+                })
-                        output_slices.push(slice);
+                .collect();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
 
             // Create mutable references for MIDI outputs
-            let mut midi_output_refs: Vec<&mut Vec<MidiEvent>> = Vec::with_capacity(num_midi_outputs);
+            let mut midi_output_refs: Vec<&mut Vec<MidiEvent>> = node.midi_output_buffers
-            for i in 0..num_midi_outputs {
+                .iter_mut()
-                if i < node.midi_output_buffers.len() {
+                .take(num_midi_outputs)
-                    // Safety: Similar to above
+                .collect();
-                    let buffer = &mut node.midi_output_buffers[i] as *mut Vec<MidiEvent>;
-                    unsafe {
-                        midi_output_refs.push(&mut *buffer);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
 
             // Process the node with both audio/CV and MIDI
             node.node.process(&input_slices, &mut output_slices, &midi_input_slices, &mut midi_output_refs, self.sample_rate);
@@ -679,14 +754,9 @@ impl AudioGraph {
                 }
 
                 // For VoiceAllocator nodes, serialize the template graph
-                // We need to downcast to access template_graph()
-                // This is safe because we know the node type
                 if node.node_type() == "VoiceAllocator" {
-                    // Use Any to downcast
+                    // Downcast using safe Any trait
-                    let node_ptr = &**node as *const dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                    if let Some(va_node) = node.as_any().downcast_ref::<VoiceAllocatorNode>() {
-                    let node_ptr = node_ptr as *const VoiceAllocatorNode;
-                    unsafe {
-                        let va_node = &*node_ptr;
                         let template_preset = va_node.template_graph().to_preset("template");
                         serialized.template_graph = Some(Box::new(template_preset));
                     }
@@ -698,10 +768,8 @@ impl AudioGraph {
                     use crate::audio::node_graph::preset::{EmbeddedSampleData, SampleData};
                     use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose};
 
-                    let node_ptr = &**node as *const dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                    // Downcast using safe Any trait
-                    let node_ptr = node_ptr as *const SimpleSamplerNode;
+                    if let Some(sampler_node) = node.as_any().downcast_ref::<SimpleSamplerNode>() {
-                    unsafe {
-                        let sampler_node = &*node_ptr;
                         if let Some(sample_path) = sampler_node.get_sample_path() {
                             // Check file size
                             let should_embed = std::fs::metadata(sample_path)
@@ -745,10 +813,8 @@ impl AudioGraph {
                     use crate::audio::node_graph::preset::{EmbeddedSampleData, LayerData, SampleData};
                     use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose};
 
-                    let node_ptr = &**node as *const dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                    // Downcast using safe Any trait
-                    let node_ptr = node_ptr as *const MultiSamplerNode;
+                    if let Some(multi_sampler_node) = node.as_any().downcast_ref::<MultiSamplerNode>() {
-                    unsafe {
-                        let multi_sampler_node = &*node_ptr;
                         let layers_info = multi_sampler_node.get_layers_info();
                         if !layers_info.is_empty() {
                             let layers: Vec<LayerData> = layers_info
@@ -911,7 +977,6 @@ impl AudioGraph {
                     // If there's a template graph, deserialize and set it
                     if let Some(ref template_preset) = serialized_node.template_graph {
                         let template_graph = Self::from_preset(template_preset, sample_rate, buffer_size, preset_base_path)?;
-                        // Set the template graph (we'll need to add this method to VoiceAllocator)
                         *va.template_graph_mut() = template_graph;
                         va.rebuild_voices();
                     }
@@ -938,10 +1003,8 @@ impl AudioGraph {
                     crate::audio::node_graph::preset::SampleData::SimpleSampler { file_path, embedded_data } => {
                         // Load sample into SimpleSampler
                         if let Some(graph_node) = graph.graph.node_weight_mut(node_idx) {
-                            let node_ptr = &mut *graph_node.node as *mut dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                            // Downcast using safe Any trait
-                            let node_ptr = node_ptr as *mut SimpleSamplerNode;
+                            if let Some(sampler_node) = graph_node.node.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<SimpleSamplerNode>() {
-                            unsafe {
-                                let sampler_node = &mut *node_ptr;
 
                                 // Try embedded data first, then fall back to file path
                                 if let Some(ref embedded) = embedded_data {
@@ -972,10 +1035,8 @@ impl AudioGraph {
                     crate::audio::node_graph::preset::SampleData::MultiSampler { layers } => {
                         // Load layers into MultiSampler
                         if let Some(graph_node) = graph.graph.node_weight_mut(node_idx) {
-                            let node_ptr = &mut *graph_node.node as *mut dyn crate::audio::node_graph::AudioNode;
+                            // Downcast using safe Any trait
-                            let node_ptr = node_ptr as *mut MultiSamplerNode;
+                            if let Some(multi_sampler_node) = graph_node.node.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<MultiSamplerNode>() {
-                            unsafe {
-                                let multi_sampler_node = &mut *node_ptr;
                                 for layer in layers {
                                     // Try embedded data first, then fall back to file path
                                     if let Some(ref embedded) = layer.embedded_data {

daw-backend/src/audio/node_graph/nodes/filter.rs

@@ -188,10 +188,10 @@ impl AudioNode for FilterNode {
         // Set filter to match current type
         match self.filter_type {
             FilterType::Lowpass => {
-                new_filter.set_lowpass(self.sample_rate as f32, self.cutoff, self.resonance);
+                new_filter.set_lowpass(self.cutoff, self.resonance, self.sample_rate as f32);
             }
             FilterType::Highpass => {
-                new_filter.set_highpass(self.sample_rate as f32, self.cutoff, self.resonance);
+                new_filter.set_highpass(self.cutoff, self.resonance, self.sample_rate as f32);
             }
         }
 

daw-backend/src/audio/node_graph/nodes/voice_allocator.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ const DEFAULT_VOICES: usize = 8;
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct VoiceState {
     active: bool,
+    releasing: bool, // Note-off received, still processing (e.g. ADSR release)
     note: u8,
     age: u32, // For voice stealing
     pending_events: Vec<MidiEvent>, // MIDI events to send to this voice
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ impl VoiceState {
     fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             active: false,
+            releasing: false,
             note: 0,
             age: 0,
             pending_events: Vec::new(),
@@ -72,8 +74,19 @@ impl VoiceAllocatorNode {
             Parameter::new(PARAM_VOICE_COUNT, "Voices", 1.0, MAX_VOICES as f32, DEFAULT_VOICES as f32, ParameterUnit::Generic),
         ];
 
-        // Create empty template graph
+        // Create template graph with default TemplateInput and TemplateOutput nodes
-        let template_graph = AudioGraph::new(sample_rate, buffer_size);
+        let mut template_graph = AudioGraph::new(sample_rate, buffer_size);
+        {
+            use super::template_io::{TemplateInputNode, TemplateOutputNode};
+            let input_node = Box::new(TemplateInputNode::new("Template Input"));
+            let output_node = Box::new(TemplateOutputNode::new("Template Output"));
+            let input_idx = template_graph.add_node(input_node);
+            let output_idx = template_graph.add_node(output_node);
+            template_graph.set_node_position(input_idx, -200.0, 0.0);
+            template_graph.set_node_position(output_idx, 200.0, 0.0);
+            template_graph.set_midi_target(input_idx, true);
+            template_graph.set_output_node(Some(output_idx));
+        }
 
         // Create voice instances (initially empty clones of template)
         let voice_instances: Vec<AudioGraph> = (0..MAX_VOICES)
@@ -134,9 +147,9 @@ impl VoiceAllocatorNode {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Find a free voice, or steal the oldest one
+    /// Find a free voice, or steal one
+    /// Priority: inactive → oldest releasing → oldest held
     fn find_voice_for_note_on(&mut self) -> usize {
-        // Only search within active voice_count
         // First, look for an inactive voice
         for (i, voice) in self.voices[..self.voice_count].iter().enumerate() {
             if !voice.active {
@@ -144,7 +157,17 @@ impl VoiceAllocatorNode {
             }
         }
 
-        // No free voices, steal the oldest one within voice_count
+        // No inactive voices — steal the oldest releasing voice
+        if let Some((i, _)) = self.voices[..self.voice_count]
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter(|(_, v)| v.releasing)
+            .max_by_key(|(_, v)| v.age)
+        {
+            return i;
+        }
+
+        // No releasing voices either — steal the oldest held voice
         self.voices[..self.voice_count]
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
@@ -153,13 +176,13 @@ impl VoiceAllocatorNode {
             .unwrap_or(0)
     }
 
-    /// Find all voices playing a specific note
+    /// Find all voices playing a specific note (held, not yet releasing)
     fn find_voices_for_note_off(&self, note: u8) -> Vec<usize> {
         self.voices[..self.voice_count]
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
             .filter_map(|(i, v)| {
-                if v.active && v.note == note {
+                if v.active && !v.releasing && v.note == note {
                     Some(i)
                 } else {
                     None
@@ -195,6 +218,7 @@ impl AudioNode for VoiceAllocatorNode {
                     // Stop voices beyond the new count
                     for voice in &mut self.voices[new_count..] {
                         voice.active = false;
+                        voice.releasing = false;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -218,25 +242,26 @@ impl AudioNode for VoiceAllocatorNode {
                 if event.data2 > 0 {
                     let voice_idx = self.find_voice_for_note_on();
                     self.voices[voice_idx].active = true;
+                    self.voices[voice_idx].releasing = false;
                     self.voices[voice_idx].note = event.data1;
                     self.voices[voice_idx].age = 0;
 
                     // Store MIDI event for this voice to process
                     self.voices[voice_idx].pending_events.push(*event);
                 } else {
-                    // Velocity = 0 means note off - send to ALL voices playing this note
+                    // Velocity = 0 means note off — mark releasing, keep active for ADSR release
                     let voice_indices = self.find_voices_for_note_off(event.data1);
                     for voice_idx in voice_indices {
-                        self.voices[voice_idx].active = false;
+                        self.voices[voice_idx].releasing = true;
                         self.voices[voice_idx].pending_events.push(*event);
                     }
                 }
             }
             0x80 => {
-                // Note off - send to ALL voices playing this note
+                // Note off — mark releasing, keep active for ADSR release
                 let voice_indices = self.find_voices_for_note_off(event.data1);
                 for voice_idx in voice_indices {
-                    self.voices[voice_idx].active = false;
+                    self.voices[voice_idx].releasing = true;
                     self.voices[voice_idx].pending_events.push(*event);
                 }
             }
@@ -291,26 +316,28 @@ impl AudioNode for VoiceAllocatorNode {
                 // Note: playback_time is 0.0 since voice allocator doesn't track time
                 self.voice_instances[voice_idx].process(mix_slice, &midi_events, 0.0);
 
+                // Auto-deactivate releasing voices that have gone silent
+                if voice_state.releasing {
+                    let peak = mix_slice.iter().fold(0.0f32, |max, &s| max.max(s.abs()));
+                    if peak < 1e-6 {
+                        voice_state.active = false;
+                        voice_state.releasing = false;
+                        continue; // Don't mix silent output
+                    }
+                }
+
                 // Mix into output (accumulate)
                 for (i, sample) in mix_slice.iter().enumerate() {
                     output[i] += sample;
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        // Apply normalization to prevent clipping (divide by active voice count)
-        let active_count = self.voices[..self.voice_count].iter().filter(|v| v.active).count();
-        if active_count > 1 {
-            let scale = 1.0 / (active_count as f32).sqrt(); // Use sqrt for better loudness perception
-            for sample in output.iter_mut() {
-                *sample *= scale;
-            }
-        }
     }
 
     fn reset(&mut self) {
         for voice in &mut self.voices {
             voice.active = false;
+            voice.releasing = false;
             voice.pending_events.clear();
         }
         for graph in &mut self.voice_instances {

daw-backend/src/audio/project.rs

@@ -349,7 +349,6 @@ impl Project {
         &mut self,
         output: &mut [f32],
         audio_pool: &AudioClipPool,
-        midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
         buffer_pool: &mut BufferPool,
         playhead_seconds: f64,
         sample_rate: u32,
@@ -374,7 +373,6 @@ impl Project {
                 track_id,
                 output,
                 audio_pool,
-                midi_pool,
                 buffer_pool,
                 ctx,
                 any_solo,
@@ -389,7 +387,6 @@ impl Project {
         track_id: TrackId,
         output: &mut [f32],
         audio_pool: &AudioClipPool,
-        midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
         buffer_pool: &mut BufferPool,
         ctx: RenderContext,
         any_solo: bool,
@@ -437,7 +434,8 @@ impl Project {
             }
             Some(TrackNode::Midi(track)) => {
                 // Render MIDI track directly into output
-                track.render(output, midi_pool, ctx.playhead_seconds, ctx.sample_rate, ctx.channels);
+                // Access midi_clip_pool from self - safe because we only need immutable access
+                track.render(output, &self.midi_clip_pool, ctx.playhead_seconds, ctx.sample_rate, ctx.channels);
             }
             Some(TrackNode::Group(group)) => {
                 // Read group properties and transform context (index-based child iteration to avoid clone)
@@ -462,7 +460,6 @@ impl Project {
                         child_id,
                         &mut group_buffer,
                         audio_pool,
-                        midi_pool,
                         buffer_pool,
                         child_ctx,
                         any_solo,

daw-backend/src/audio/track.rs

@@ -365,12 +365,16 @@ impl MidiTrack {
         // Use a large buffer size that can accommodate any callback
         let default_buffer_size = 8192;
 
+        // Start with empty graph — the frontend loads a default instrument preset
+        // (bass.json) via graph_load_preset which replaces the entire graph
+        let instrument_graph = AudioGraph::new(sample_rate, default_buffer_size);
+
         Self {
             id,
             name,
             clip_instances: Vec::new(),
             instrument_graph_preset: None,
-            instrument_graph: AudioGraph::new(sample_rate, default_buffer_size),
+            instrument_graph,
             volume: 1.0,
             muted: false,
             solo: false,

daw-backend/src/command/types.rs

@@ -146,10 +146,18 @@ pub enum Command {
     GraphConnectInTemplate(TrackId, u32, u32, usize, u32, usize),
     /// Disconnect two nodes in a track's graph (track_id, from_node, from_port, to_node, to_port)
     GraphDisconnect(TrackId, u32, usize, u32, usize),
+    /// Disconnect nodes in a VoiceAllocator template (track_id, voice_allocator_node_id, from_node, from_port, to_node, to_port)
+    GraphDisconnectInTemplate(TrackId, u32, u32, usize, u32, usize),
+    /// Remove a node from a VoiceAllocator's template graph (track_id, voice_allocator_node_id, node_index)
+    GraphRemoveNodeFromTemplate(TrackId, u32, u32),
     /// Set a parameter on a node (track_id, node_index, param_id, value)
     GraphSetParameter(TrackId, u32, u32, f32),
+    /// Set a parameter on a node in a VoiceAllocator's template graph (track_id, voice_allocator_node_id, node_index, param_id, value)
+    GraphSetParameterInTemplate(TrackId, u32, u32, u32, f32),
     /// Set the UI position of a node (track_id, node_index, x, y)
     GraphSetNodePosition(TrackId, u32, f32, f32),
+    /// Set the UI position of a node in a VoiceAllocator's template (track_id, voice_allocator_id, node_index, x, y)
+    GraphSetNodePositionInTemplate(TrackId, u32, u32, f32, f32),
     /// Set which node receives MIDI events (track_id, node_index, enabled)
     GraphSetMidiTarget(TrackId, u32, bool),
     /// Set which node is the audio output (track_id, node_index)

lightningbeam-ui/egui_node_graph2/src/editor_ui.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ pub enum NodeResponse<UserResponse: UserResponseTrait, NodeData: NodeDataTrait>
         node: NodeId,
         drag_delta: Vec2,
     },
+    /// Emitted when a node's title bar is double-clicked.
+    DoubleClick(NodeId),
     User(UserResponse),
 }
 
@@ -479,6 +481,9 @@ where
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                NodeResponse::DoubleClick(_) => {
+                    // Handled by user code.
+                }
                 NodeResponse::User(_) => {
                     // These are handled by the user code.
                 }
@@ -1172,6 +1177,11 @@ where
             responses.push(NodeResponse::RaiseNode(self.node_id));
         }
 
+        // Double-click detection (emitted alongside other responses)
+        if window_response.double_clicked() {
+            responses.push(NodeResponse::DoubleClick(self.node_id));
+        }
+
         responses
     }
 

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/video.rs

@@ -769,6 +769,26 @@ pub fn extract_audio_from_video(path: &str) -> Result<Option<ExtractedAudio>, St
                 // Extract f32 samples (interleaved format)
                 let data_ptr = resampled_frame.data(0).as_ptr() as *const f32;
                 let total_samples = resampled_frame.samples() * frame_channels;
+
+                // Safety checks before creating slice from FFmpeg data
+                // 1. Verify f32 alignment (required: 4 bytes)
+                if data_ptr.align_offset(std::mem::align_of::<f32>()) != 0 {
+                    return Err("FFmpeg audio data is not properly aligned for f32".to_string());
+                }
+
+                // 2. Verify the frame actually has enough data
+                let byte_size = resampled_frame.data(0).len();
+                let expected_bytes = total_samples * std::mem::size_of::<f32>();
+                if byte_size < expected_bytes {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "FFmpeg frame buffer too small: {} bytes, need {} bytes",
+                        byte_size, expected_bytes
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                // SAFETY: We verified alignment and bounds above.
+                // The slice lifetime is tied to resampled_frame which lives until
+                // after extend_from_slice completes.
                 let samples_slice = unsafe {
                     std::slice::from_raw_parts(data_ptr, total_samples)
                 };
@@ -800,6 +820,26 @@ pub fn extract_audio_from_video(path: &str) -> Result<Option<ExtractedAudio>, St
 
         let data_ptr = resampled_frame.data(0).as_ptr() as *const f32;
         let total_samples = resampled_frame.samples() * frame_channels;
+
+        // Safety checks before creating slice from FFmpeg data
+        // 1. Verify f32 alignment (required: 4 bytes)
+        if data_ptr.align_offset(std::mem::align_of::<f32>()) != 0 {
+            return Err("FFmpeg audio data is not properly aligned for f32".to_string());
+        }
+
+        // 2. Verify the frame actually has enough data
+        let byte_size = resampled_frame.data(0).len();
+        let expected_bytes = total_samples * std::mem::size_of::<f32>();
+        if byte_size < expected_bytes {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "FFmpeg frame buffer too small: {} bytes, need {} bytes",
+                byte_size, expected_bytes
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // SAFETY: We verified alignment and bounds above.
+        // The slice lifetime is tied to resampled_frame which lives until
+        // after extend_from_slice completes.
         let samples_slice = unsafe {
             std::slice::from_raw_parts(data_ptr, total_samples)
         };

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/examples/ffmpeg_test.rs

@@ -195,17 +195,16 @@ fn encode_pcm_to_mp3(
         frame.set_rate(sample_rate);
 
         // Copy planar samples to frame
-        unsafe {
+        for ch in 0..channels as usize {
-            for ch in 0..channels as usize {
+            let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
-                let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
+            let offset = samples_encoded;
-                let offset = samples_encoded;
+            let src = &planar_samples[ch][offset..offset + chunk_size];
-                let src = &planar_samples[ch][offset..offset + chunk_size];
 
-                std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+            // Safe byte-level copy
-                    src.as_ptr() as *const u8,
+            for (i, &sample) in src.iter().enumerate() {
-                    plane.as_mut_ptr(),
+                let bytes = sample.to_ne_bytes();
-                    chunk_size * std::mem::size_of::<i16>(),
+                let byte_offset = i * 2;
-                );
+                plane[byte_offset..byte_offset + 2].copy_from_slice(&bytes);
             }
         }
 
@@ -360,17 +359,16 @@ fn encode_pcm_to_aac(
         frame.set_rate(sample_rate);
 
         // Copy planar samples to frame
-        unsafe {
+        for ch in 0..channels as usize {
-            for ch in 0..channels as usize {
+            let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
-                let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
+            let offset = samples_encoded;
-                let offset = samples_encoded;
+            let src = &planar_samples[ch][offset..offset + chunk_size];
-                let src = &planar_samples[ch][offset..offset + chunk_size];
 
-                std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+            // Safe byte-level copy
-                    src.as_ptr() as *const u8,
+            for (i, &sample) in src.iter().enumerate() {
-                    plane.as_mut_ptr(),
+                let bytes = sample.to_ne_bytes();
-                    chunk_size * std::mem::size_of::<f32>(),
+                let byte_offset = i * 4;
-                );
+                plane[byte_offset..byte_offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&bytes);
             }
         }
 

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/examples/video_export_test.rs

@@ -115,17 +115,18 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), String> {
             height,
         );
 
-        // Copy YUV planes
+        // Copy YUV planes (safe slice copy)
-        unsafe {
+        let y_plane = video_frame.data_mut(0);
-            let y_plane = video_frame.data_mut(0);
+        let y_len = y.len().min(y_plane.len());
-            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(y.as_ptr(), y_plane.as_mut_ptr(), y.len());
+        y_plane[..y_len].copy_from_slice(&y[..y_len]);
 
-            let u_plane = video_frame.data_mut(1);
+        let u_plane = video_frame.data_mut(1);
-            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(u.as_ptr(), u_plane.as_mut_ptr(), u.len());
+        let u_len = u.len().min(u_plane.len());
+        u_plane[..u_len].copy_from_slice(&u[..u_len]);
 
-            let v_plane = video_frame.data_mut(2);
+        let v_plane = video_frame.data_mut(2);
-            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(v.as_ptr(), v_plane.as_mut_ptr(), v.len());
+        let v_len = v.len().min(v_plane.len());
-        }
+        v_plane[..v_len].copy_from_slice(&v[..v_len]);
 
         // Set PTS
         let timestamp = frame_num as f64 / framerate;

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/export/audio_exporter.rs

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub fn export_audio<P: AsRef<Path>>(
 fn export_audio_daw_backend<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     project: &mut Project,
     pool: &AudioPool,
-    midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
+    _midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
     settings: &AudioExportSettings,
     output_path: P,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ fn export_audio_daw_backend<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     daw_backend::audio::export::export_audio(
         project,
         pool,
-        midi_pool,
         &daw_settings,
         output_path,
         None,
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ fn export_audio_daw_backend<P: AsRef<Path>>(
 fn export_audio_ffmpeg_mp3<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     project: &mut Project,
     pool: &AudioPool,
-    midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
+    _midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
     settings: &AudioExportSettings,
     output_path: P,
     cancel_flag: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
@@ -114,7 +113,6 @@ fn export_audio_ffmpeg_mp3<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     let pcm_samples = render_to_memory(
         project,
         pool,
-        midi_pool,
         &daw_settings,
         None, // No progress events for now
     )?;
@@ -198,17 +196,25 @@ fn export_audio_ffmpeg_mp3<P: AsRef<Path>>(
         frame.set_rate(settings.sample_rate);
 
         // Copy planar samples to frame
-        unsafe {
+        for ch in 0..settings.channels as usize {
-            for ch in 0..settings.channels as usize {
+            let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
-                let plane = frame.data_mut(ch);
+            let offset = samples_encoded;
-                let offset = samples_encoded;
+            let src = &planar_samples[ch][offset..offset + chunk_size];
-                let src = &planar_samples[ch][offset..offset + chunk_size];
 
-                std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+            // Convert i16 samples to bytes and copy
-                    src.as_ptr() as *const u8,
+            let byte_size = chunk_size * std::mem::size_of::<i16>();
-                    plane.as_mut_ptr(),
+            if plane.len() < byte_size {
-                    chunk_size * std::mem::size_of::<i16>(),
+                return Err(format!(
-                );
+                    "FFmpeg frame buffer too small: {} bytes, need {} bytes",
+                    plane.len(), byte_size
+                ));
+            }
+
+            // Safe byte-level copy using slice operations
+            for (i, &sample) in src.iter().enumerate() {
+                let bytes = sample.to_ne_bytes();
+                let offset = i * 2;
+                plane[offset..offset + 2].copy_from_slice(&bytes);
             }
         }
 
@@ -284,7 +290,7 @@ fn receive_and_write_packets(
 fn export_audio_ffmpeg_aac<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     project: &mut Project,
     pool: &AudioPool,
-    midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
+    _midi_pool: &MidiClipPool,
     settings: &AudioExportSettings,
     output_path: P,
     cancel_flag: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
@@ -309,7 +315,6 @@ fn export_audio_ffmpeg_aac<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     let pcm_samples = render_to_memory(
         project,
         pool,
-        midi_pool,
         &daw_settings,
         None, // No progress events for now
     )?;

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/export/mod.rs

@@ -1182,16 +1182,18 @@ impl ExportOrchestrator {
         );
 
         // Copy YUV planes to frame
-        unsafe {
+        // Use safe slice copy - LLVM optimizes this to memcpy, same performance as copy_nonoverlapping
-            let y_dest = video_frame.data_mut(0);
+        let y_dest = video_frame.data_mut(0);
-            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(y_plane.as_ptr(), y_dest.as_mut_ptr(), y_plane.len());
+        let y_len = y_plane.len().min(y_dest.len());
+        y_dest[..y_len].copy_from_slice(&y_plane[..y_len]);
 
-            let u_dest = video_frame.data_mut(1);
+        let u_dest = video_frame.data_mut(1);
-            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(u_plane.as_ptr(), u_dest.as_mut_ptr(), u_plane.len());
+        let u_len = u_plane.len().min(u_dest.len());
+        u_dest[..u_len].copy_from_slice(&u_plane[..u_len]);
 
-            let v_dest = video_frame.data_mut(2);
+        let v_dest = video_frame.data_mut(2);
-            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(v_plane.as_ptr(), v_dest.as_mut_ptr(), v_plane.len());
+        let v_len = v_plane.len().min(v_dest.len());
-        }
+        v_dest[..v_len].copy_from_slice(&v_plane[..v_len]);
 
         // Set PTS (presentation timestamp) in encoder's time base
         // Encoder time base is 1/(framerate * 1000), so PTS = timestamp * (framerate * 1000)

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/node_graph/audio_backend.rs

@@ -125,9 +125,13 @@ impl GraphBackend for AudioGraphBackend {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn get_state(&self) -> Result<GraphState, String> {
+    fn get_state_json(&self) -> Result<String, String> {
         let mut controller = self.audio_controller.lock().unwrap();
-        let json = controller.query_graph_state(self.track_id)?;
+        controller.query_graph_state(self.track_id)
+    }
+
+    fn get_state(&self) -> Result<GraphState, String> {
+        let json = self.get_state_json()?;
 
         // Parse the GraphPreset JSON from backend
         let preset: daw_backend::audio::node_graph::GraphPreset =

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/node_graph/backend.rs

@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ pub trait GraphBackend: Send {
     /// Get current graph state (for serialization)
     fn get_state(&self) -> Result<GraphState, String>;
 
+    /// Get current graph state as raw JSON (GraphPreset format from backend)
+    fn get_state_json(&self) -> Result<String, String>;
+
     /// Load graph state (for presets)
     fn load_state(&mut self, state: &GraphState) -> Result<(), String>;
 

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/node_graph/graph_data.rs

@@ -68,6 +68,11 @@ pub enum NodeTemplate {
 
     // Advanced
     VoiceAllocator,
+    Group,
+
+    // Subgraph I/O (only visible when editing inside a container node)
+    TemplateInput,
+    TemplateOutput,
 
     // Outputs
     AudioOutput,
@@ -117,6 +122,9 @@ impl NodeTemplate {
             NodeTemplate::Mod => "Mod",
             NodeTemplate::Oscilloscope => "Oscilloscope",
             NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator => "VoiceAllocator",
+            NodeTemplate::Group => "Group",
+            NodeTemplate::TemplateInput => "TemplateInput",
+            NodeTemplate::TemplateOutput => "TemplateOutput",
             NodeTemplate::AudioOutput => "AudioOutput",
         }
     }
@@ -282,6 +290,10 @@ impl NodeTemplateTrait for NodeTemplate {
             NodeTemplate::Oscilloscope => "Oscilloscope".into(),
             // Advanced
             NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator => "Voice Allocator".into(),
+            NodeTemplate::Group => "Group".into(),
+            // Subgraph I/O
+            NodeTemplate::TemplateInput => "Template Input".into(),
+            NodeTemplate::TemplateOutput => "Template Output".into(),
             // Outputs
             NodeTemplate::AudioOutput => "Audio Output".into(),
         }
@@ -301,7 +313,8 @@ impl NodeTemplateTrait for NodeTemplate {
             | NodeTemplate::SampleHold | NodeTemplate::SlewLimiter | NodeTemplate::Quantizer
             | NodeTemplate::EnvelopeFollower | NodeTemplate::BpmDetector | NodeTemplate::Mod => vec!["Utilities"],
             NodeTemplate::Oscilloscope => vec!["Analysis"],
-            NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator => vec!["Advanced"],
+            NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator | NodeTemplate::Group => vec!["Advanced"],
+            NodeTemplate::TemplateInput | NodeTemplate::TemplateOutput => vec!["Subgraph I/O"],
             NodeTemplate::AudioOutput => vec!["Outputs"],
         }
     }
@@ -667,8 +680,24 @@ impl NodeTemplateTrait for NodeTemplate {
             }
             NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator => {
                 graph.add_input_param(node_id, "MIDI In".into(), DataType::Midi, ValueType::float(0.0), InputParamKind::ConnectionOnly, true);
+                graph.add_input_param(node_id, "Voices".into(), DataType::CV,
+                    ValueType::float_param(8.0, 1.0, 16.0, "", 0, None), InputParamKind::ConstantOnly, true);
                 graph.add_output_param(node_id, "Audio Out".into(), DataType::Audio);
             }
+            NodeTemplate::Group => {
+                // Ports are dynamic based on subgraph TemplateInput/Output nodes.
+                // Start with one audio pass-through by default.
+                graph.add_input_param(node_id, "Audio In".into(), DataType::Audio, ValueType::float(0.0), InputParamKind::ConnectionOnly, true);
+                graph.add_output_param(node_id, "Audio Out".into(), DataType::Audio);
+            }
+            NodeTemplate::TemplateInput => {
+                // Inside a VA template: provides MIDI from the allocator
+                graph.add_output_param(node_id, "MIDI Out".into(), DataType::Midi);
+            }
+            NodeTemplate::TemplateOutput => {
+                // Inside a VA template: sends audio back to the allocator
+                graph.add_input_param(node_id, "Audio In".into(), DataType::Audio, ValueType::float(0.0), InputParamKind::ConnectionOnly, true);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -766,9 +795,23 @@ impl NodeDataTrait for NodeData {
     }
 }
 
-// Iterator for all node templates
+// Iterator for all node templates (track-level graph)
 pub struct AllNodeTemplates;
 
+/// Iterator for subgraph node templates (includes TemplateInput/Output)
+pub struct SubgraphNodeTemplates;
+
+impl NodeTemplateIter for SubgraphNodeTemplates {
+    type Item = NodeTemplate;
+
+    fn all_kinds(&self) -> Vec<Self::Item> {
+        let mut templates = AllNodeTemplates.all_kinds();
+        templates.push(NodeTemplate::TemplateInput);
+        templates.push(NodeTemplate::TemplateOutput);
+        templates
+    }
+}
+
 impl NodeTemplateIter for AllNodeTemplates {
     type Item = NodeTemplate;
 
@@ -820,6 +863,9 @@ impl NodeTemplateIter for AllNodeTemplates {
             NodeTemplate::Oscilloscope,
             // Advanced
             NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator,
+            NodeTemplate::Group,
+            // Note: TemplateInput/TemplateOutput are excluded from the default finder.
+            // They are added dynamically when editing inside a subgraph.
             // Outputs
             NodeTemplate::AudioOutput,
         ]

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/node_graph/mod.rs

@@ -9,13 +9,35 @@ pub mod graph_data;
 pub mod node_types;
 
 use backend::{BackendNodeId, GraphBackend};
-use graph_data::{AllNodeTemplates, DataType, GraphState, NodeData, NodeTemplate, ValueType};
+use graph_data::{AllNodeTemplates, SubgraphNodeTemplates, DataType, GraphState, NodeData, NodeTemplate, ValueType};
 use super::NodePath;
 use eframe::egui;
 use egui_node_graph2::*;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
+/// What kind of container we've entered for subgraph editing
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum SubgraphContext {
+    VoiceAllocator { frontend_id: NodeId, backend_id: BackendNodeId },
+    Group { frontend_id: NodeId, backend_id: BackendNodeId, name: String },
+}
+
+/// One level of subgraph editing — stores the parent state we'll restore on exit
+struct SubgraphFrame {
+    context: SubgraphContext,
+    saved_state: SavedGraphState,
+}
+
+/// Saved graph editor state for restoring when exiting a subgraph
+struct SavedGraphState {
+    state: GraphEditorState<NodeData, DataType, ValueType, NodeTemplate, GraphState>,
+    user_state: GraphState,
+    node_id_map: HashMap<NodeId, BackendNodeId>,
+    backend_to_frontend_map: HashMap<BackendNodeId, NodeId>,
+    parameter_values: HashMap<InputId, f32>,
+}
+
 /// Node graph pane with egui_node_graph2 integration
 pub struct NodeGraphPane {
     /// The graph editor state
@@ -56,6 +78,10 @@ pub struct NodeGraphPane {
     dragging_node: Option<NodeId>,
     /// Connection that would be targeted for insertion (highlighted during drag)
     insert_target: Option<(InputId, OutputId)>,
+
+    /// Stack of subgraph contexts — empty = editing track-level graph,
+    /// non-empty = editing nested subgraph(s). Supports arbitrary nesting depth.
+    subgraph_stack: Vec<SubgraphFrame>,
 }
 
 impl NodeGraphPane {
@@ -74,8 +100,8 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
             parameter_values: HashMap::new(),
             last_project_generation: 0,
             dragging_node: None,
-
             insert_target: None,
+            subgraph_stack: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -102,8 +128,8 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
             parameter_values: HashMap::new(),
             last_project_generation: 0,
             dragging_node: None,
-
             insert_target: None,
+            subgraph_stack: Vec::new(),
         };
 
         // Load existing graph from backend
@@ -116,166 +142,13 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
 
     /// Load the graph state from the backend and populate the frontend
     fn load_graph_from_backend(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let graph_state = if let Some(backend) = &self.backend {
+        let json = if let Some(backend) = &self.backend {
-            backend.get_state()?
+            backend.get_state_json()?
         } else {
             return Err("No backend available".to_string());
         };
 
-        // Clear existing graph
+        self.load_graph_from_json(&json)
-        self.state.graph.nodes.clear();
-        self.state.graph.inputs.clear();
-        self.state.graph.outputs.clear();
-        self.state.graph.connections.clear();
-        self.state.node_order.clear();
-        self.state.node_positions.clear();
-        self.state.selected_nodes.clear();
-        self.state.connection_in_progress = None;
-        self.state.ongoing_box_selection = None;
-        self.node_id_map.clear();
-        self.backend_to_frontend_map.clear();
-
-        // Create nodes in frontend
-        for node in &graph_state.nodes {
-            // Parse node type from string (e.g., "Oscillator" -> NodeTemplate::Oscillator)
-            let node_template = match node.node_type.as_str() {
-                // Inputs
-                "MidiInput" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::MidiInput,
-                "AudioInput" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::AudioInput,
-                "AutomationInput" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::AutomationInput,
-                // Generators
-                "Oscillator" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Oscillator,
-                "WavetableOscillator" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::WavetableOscillator,
-                "FMSynth" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::FmSynth,
-                "NoiseGenerator" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Noise,
-                "SimpleSampler" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::SimpleSampler,
-                "MultiSampler" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::MultiSampler,
-                // Effects
-                "Filter" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Filter,
-                "Gain" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Gain,
-                "Echo" | "Delay" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Echo,
-                "Reverb" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Reverb,
-                "Chorus" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Chorus,
-                "Flanger" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Flanger,
-                "Phaser" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Phaser,
-                "Distortion" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Distortion,
-                "BitCrusher" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::BitCrusher,
-                "Compressor" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Compressor,
-                "Limiter" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Limiter,
-                "EQ" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Eq,
-                "Pan" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Pan,
-                "RingModulator" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::RingModulator,
-                "Vocoder" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Vocoder,
-                // Utilities
-                "ADSR" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Adsr,
-                "LFO" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Lfo,
-                "Mixer" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Mixer,
-                "Splitter" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Splitter,
-                "Constant" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Constant,
-                "MidiToCV" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::MidiToCv,
-                "AudioToCV" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::AudioToCv,
-                "Math" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Math,
-                "SampleHold" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::SampleHold,
-                "SlewLimiter" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::SlewLimiter,
-                "Quantizer" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Quantizer,
-                "EnvelopeFollower" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::EnvelopeFollower,
-                "BPMDetector" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::BpmDetector,
-                "Mod" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Mod,
-                // Analysis
-                "Oscilloscope" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::Oscilloscope,
-                // Advanced
-                "VoiceAllocator" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator,
-                // Outputs
-                "AudioOutput" => graph_data::NodeTemplate::AudioOutput,
-                _ => {
-                    eprintln!("Unknown node type: {}", node.node_type);
-                    continue;
-                }
-            };
-
-            // Create node directly in the graph
-            use egui_node_graph2::Node;
-            let frontend_id = self.state.graph.nodes.insert(Node {
-                id: egui_node_graph2::NodeId::default(), // Will be replaced by insert
-                label: node.node_type.clone(),
-                inputs: vec![],
-                outputs: vec![],
-                user_data: graph_data::NodeData { template: node_template },
-            });
-
-            // Build the node's inputs and outputs (this adds them to graph.inputs and graph.outputs)
-            // build_node() automatically populates the node's inputs/outputs vectors with correct names and order
-            node_template.build_node(&mut self.state.graph, &mut self.user_state, frontend_id);
-
-            // Set position
-            self.state.node_positions.insert(
-                frontend_id,
-                egui::pos2(node.position.0, node.position.1),
-            );
-
-            // Add to node order for rendering
-            self.state.node_order.push(frontend_id);
-
-            // Map frontend ID to backend ID
-            let backend_id = BackendNodeId::Audio(petgraph::stable_graph::NodeIndex::new(node.id as usize));
-            self.node_id_map.insert(frontend_id, backend_id);
-            self.backend_to_frontend_map.insert(backend_id, frontend_id);
-
-            // Set parameter values from backend
-            if let Some(node_data) = self.state.graph.nodes.get(frontend_id) {
-                let input_ids: Vec<InputId> = node_data.inputs.iter().map(|(_, id)| *id).collect();
-                for input_id in input_ids {
-                    if let Some(input_param) = self.state.graph.inputs.get_mut(input_id) {
-                        if let ValueType::Float { value, backend_param_id: Some(pid), .. } = &mut input_param.value {
-                            if let Some(&backend_value) = node.parameters.get(pid) {
-                                *value = backend_value as f32;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Create connections in frontend
-        for conn in &graph_state.connections {
-            let from_backend = BackendNodeId::Audio(petgraph::stable_graph::NodeIndex::new(conn.from_node as usize));
-            let to_backend = BackendNodeId::Audio(petgraph::stable_graph::NodeIndex::new(conn.to_node as usize));
-
-            if let (Some(&from_id), Some(&to_id)) = (
-                self.backend_to_frontend_map.get(&from_backend),
-                self.backend_to_frontend_map.get(&to_backend),
-            ) {
-                // Find output param on from_node
-                if let Some(from_node) = self.state.graph.nodes.get(from_id) {
-                    if let Some((_name, output_id)) = from_node.outputs.get(conn.from_port) {
-                        // Find input param on to_node
-                        if let Some(to_node) = self.state.graph.nodes.get(to_id) {
-                            if let Some((_name, input_id)) = to_node.inputs.get(conn.to_port) {
-                                // Check max_connections to avoid panic in egui_node_graph2 rendering
-                                let max_conns = self.state.graph.inputs.get(*input_id)
-                                    .and_then(|p| p.max_connections)
-                                    .map(|n| n.get() as usize)
-                                    .unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-
-                                let current_count = self.state.graph.connections.get(*input_id)
-                                    .map(|c| c.len())
-                                    .unwrap_or(0);
-
-                                if current_count < max_conns {
-                                    if let Some(connections) = self.state.graph.connections.get_mut(*input_id) {
-                                        connections.push(*output_id);
-                                    } else {
-                                        self.state.graph.connections.insert(*input_id, vec![*output_id]);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn handle_graph_response(
@@ -305,12 +178,43 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
                         let position = (center_graph.x, center_graph.y);
 
                         if let Some(track_id) = self.track_id {
-                            let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::AddNode(
+                            if let Some(va_id) = self.va_context() {
-                                actions::AddNodeAction::new(track_id, node_type.clone(), position)
+                                // Inside VA template — call template command directly
-                            ));
+                                if let Some(&backend_track_id) = shared.layer_to_track_map.get(&track_id) {
-                            self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                                    if let Some(audio_controller) = &shared.audio_controller {
-                            // Track this addition so we can update ID mappings after execution
+                                        let mut controller = audio_controller.lock().unwrap();
-                            self.pending_node_addition = Some((node_id, node_type, position));
+                                        controller.graph_add_node_to_template(
+                                            backend_track_id, va_id, node_type.clone(),
+                                            position.0, position.1,
+                                        );
+                                        // Query template state to get the new node's backend ID
+                                        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
+                                        if let Ok(json) = controller.query_template_state(backend_track_id, va_id) {
+                                            if let Ok(state) = serde_json::from_str::<daw_backend::audio::node_graph::GraphPreset>(&json) {
+                                                // Find the new node by type and position
+                                                if let Some(backend_node) = state.nodes.iter().find(|n| {
+                                                    n.node_type == node_type &&
+                                                    (n.position.0 - position.0).abs() < 1.0 &&
+                                                    (n.position.1 - position.1).abs() < 1.0
+                                                }) {
+                                                    let backend_id = BackendNodeId::Audio(
+                                                        petgraph::stable_graph::NodeIndex::new(backend_node.id as usize)
+                                                    );
+                                                    self.node_id_map.insert(node_id, backend_id);
+                                                    self.backend_to_frontend_map.insert(backend_id, node_id);
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                // Normal track graph — use action system
+                                let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::AddNode(
+                                    actions::AddNodeAction::new(track_id, node_type.clone(), position)
+                                ));
+                                self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                                self.pending_node_addition = Some((node_id, node_type, position));
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -335,16 +239,29 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
                             let to_backend = self.node_id_map.get(&to_node_id);
 
                             if let (Some(&from_id), Some(&to_id)) = (from_backend, to_backend) {
-                                let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::Connect(
+                                let BackendNodeId::Audio(from_idx) = from_id;
-                                    actions::ConnectAction::new(
+                                let BackendNodeId::Audio(to_idx) = to_id;
-                                        track_id,
+
-                                        from_id,
+                                if let Some(va_id) = self.va_context() {
-                                        from_port,
+                                    // Inside VA template
-                                        to_id,
+                                    if let Some(&backend_track_id) = shared.layer_to_track_map.get(&track_id) {
-                                        to_port,
+                                        if let Some(audio_controller) = &shared.audio_controller {
-                                    )
+                                            let mut controller = audio_controller.lock().unwrap();
-                                ));
+                                            controller.graph_connect_in_template(
-                                self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                                                backend_track_id, va_id,
+                                                from_idx.index() as u32, from_port,
+                                                to_idx.index() as u32, to_port,
+                                            );
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::Connect(
+                                        actions::ConnectAction::new(
+                                            track_id, from_id, from_port, to_id, to_port,
+                                        )
+                                    ));
+                                    self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                                }
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -352,12 +269,10 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
                 NodeResponse::DisconnectEvent { output, input } => {
                     // Connection was removed
                     if let Some(track_id) = self.track_id {
-                        // Get the nodes that own these params
                         let from_node = self.state.graph.outputs.get(output).map(|o| o.node);
                         let to_node = self.state.graph.inputs.get(input).map(|i| i.node);
 
                         if let (Some(from_node_id), Some(to_node_id)) = (from_node, to_node) {
-                            // Find port indices
                             let from_port = self.state.graph.nodes.get(from_node_id)
                                 .and_then(|n| n.outputs.iter().position(|(_, id)| *id == output))
                                 .unwrap_or(0);
@@ -365,21 +280,33 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
                                 .and_then(|n| n.inputs.iter().position(|(_, id)| *id == input))
                                 .unwrap_or(0);
 
-                            // Map frontend IDs to backend IDs
                             let from_backend = self.node_id_map.get(&from_node_id);
                             let to_backend = self.node_id_map.get(&to_node_id);
 
                             if let (Some(&from_id), Some(&to_id)) = (from_backend, to_backend) {
-                                let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::Disconnect(
+                                let BackendNodeId::Audio(from_idx) = from_id;
-                                    actions::DisconnectAction::new(
+                                let BackendNodeId::Audio(to_idx) = to_id;
-                                        track_id,
+
-                                        from_id,
+                                if let Some(va_id) = self.va_context() {
-                                        from_port,
+                                    // Inside VA template
-                                        to_id,
+                                    if let Some(&backend_track_id) = shared.layer_to_track_map.get(&track_id) {
-                                        to_port,
+                                        if let Some(audio_controller) = &shared.audio_controller {
-                                    )
+                                            let mut controller = audio_controller.lock().unwrap();
-                                ));
+                                            controller.graph_disconnect_in_template(
-                                self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                                                backend_track_id, va_id,
+                                                from_idx.index() as u32, from_port,
+                                                to_idx.index() as u32, to_port,
+                                            );
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::Disconnect(
+                                        actions::DisconnectAction::new(
+                                            track_id, from_id, from_port, to_id, to_port,
+                                        )
+                                    ));
+                                    self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                                }
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -388,10 +315,24 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
                     // Node was deleted
                     if let Some(track_id) = self.track_id {
                         if let Some(&backend_id) = self.node_id_map.get(&node_id) {
-                            let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::RemoveNode(
+                            let BackendNodeId::Audio(node_idx) = backend_id;
-                                actions::RemoveNodeAction::new(track_id, backend_id)
+
-                            ));
+                            if let Some(va_id) = self.va_context() {
-                            self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                                // Inside VA template
+                                if let Some(&backend_track_id) = shared.layer_to_track_map.get(&track_id) {
+                                    if let Some(audio_controller) = &shared.audio_controller {
+                                        let mut controller = audio_controller.lock().unwrap();
+                                        controller.graph_remove_node_from_template(
+                                            backend_track_id, va_id, node_idx.index() as u32,
+                                        );
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::RemoveNode(
+                                    actions::RemoveNodeAction::new(track_id, backend_id)
+                                ));
+                                self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                            }
 
                             // Remove from ID map
                             self.node_id_map.remove(&node_id);
@@ -412,14 +353,60 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
                             if let Some(audio_controller) = &shared.audio_controller {
                                 if let Some(&backend_track_id) = self.track_id.and_then(|tid| shared.layer_to_track_map.get(&tid)) {
                                     let mut controller = audio_controller.lock().unwrap();
-                                    controller.graph_set_node_position(
+                                    if let Some(va_id) = self.va_context() {
-                                        backend_track_id,
+                                        controller.graph_set_node_position_in_template(
-                                        node_index,
+                                            backend_track_id,
-                                        pos.x,
+                                            va_id,
-                                        pos.y,
+                                            node_index,
+                                            pos.x,
+                                            pos.y,
+                                        );
+                                    } else {
+                                        controller.graph_set_node_position(
+                                            backend_track_id,
+                                            node_index,
+                                            pos.x,
+                                            pos.y,
+                                        );
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                NodeResponse::DoubleClick(node_id) => {
+                    // Check if this is a container node we can enter
+                    if let Some(node) = self.state.graph.nodes.get(node_id) {
+                        match node.user_data.template {
+                            NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator => {
+                                // VA can only be entered at track level (depth 0)
+                                if !self.in_subgraph() {
+                                    if let Some(&backend_id) = self.node_id_map.get(&node_id) {
+                                        self.enter_subgraph(
+                                            SubgraphContext::VoiceAllocator {
+                                                frontend_id: node_id,
+                                                backend_id,
+                                            },
+                                            shared,
+                                        );
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            NodeTemplate::Group => {
+                                // Groups can nest arbitrarily deep
+                                if let Some(&backend_id) = self.node_id_map.get(&node_id) {
+                                    let name = node.label.clone();
+                                    self.enter_subgraph(
+                                        SubgraphContext::Group {
+                                            frontend_id: node_id,
+                                            backend_id,
+                                            name,
+                                        },
+                                        shared,
                                     );
                                 }
                             }
+                            _ => {}
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -481,7 +468,7 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
         }
     }
 
-    fn check_parameter_changes(&mut self) {
+    fn check_parameter_changes(&mut self, shared: &mut crate::panes::SharedPaneState) {
         // Check all input parameters for value changes
         let mut _checked_count = 0;
         let mut _connection_only_count = 0;
@@ -518,24 +505,36 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
             };
 
             if has_changed {
-                // Value has changed, create SetParameterAction
+                // Value has changed — send update to backend
                 if let Some(track_id) = self.track_id {
                     let node_id = input_param.node;
 
-                    // Get backend node ID and use stored param ID
                     if let Some(&backend_id) = self.node_id_map.get(&node_id) {
                         if let Some(param_id) = backend_param_id {
-                            eprintln!("[DEBUG] Parameter changed: node {:?} param {} from {:?} to {}",
+                            let BackendNodeId::Audio(node_idx) = backend_id;
-                                backend_id, param_id, previous_value, current_value);
+
-                            let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::SetParameter(
+                            if let Some(va_id) = self.va_context() {
-                                actions::SetParameterAction::new(
+                                // Inside VA template — call template command directly
-                                    track_id,
+                                if let Some(&backend_track_id) = shared.layer_to_track_map.get(&track_id) {
-                                    backend_id,
+                                    if let Some(audio_controller) = &shared.audio_controller {
-                                    param_id,
+                                        let mut controller = audio_controller.lock().unwrap();
-                                    current_value as f64,
+                                        controller.graph_set_parameter_in_template(
-                                )
+                                            backend_track_id, va_id,
-                            ));
+                                            node_idx.index() as u32, param_id, current_value,
-                            self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                                        );
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                let action = Box::new(actions::NodeGraphAction::SetParameter(
+                                    actions::SetParameterAction::new(
+                                        track_id,
+                                        backend_id,
+                                        param_id,
+                                        current_value as f64,
+                                    )
+                                ));
+                                self.pending_action = Some(action);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -897,6 +896,252 @@ impl NodeGraphPane {
             self.state.graph.connections.insert(target_input, vec![drag_output_id]);
         }
     }
+
+    /// Enter a subgraph for editing (VA template or Group internals)
+    fn enter_subgraph(
+        &mut self,
+        context: SubgraphContext,
+        shared: &mut crate::panes::SharedPaneState,
+    ) {
+        // Save current state
+        let saved = SavedGraphState {
+            state: std::mem::replace(&mut self.state, GraphEditorState::new(1.0)),
+            user_state: std::mem::replace(&mut self.user_state, GraphState::default()),
+            node_id_map: std::mem::take(&mut self.node_id_map),
+            backend_to_frontend_map: std::mem::take(&mut self.backend_to_frontend_map),
+            parameter_values: std::mem::take(&mut self.parameter_values),
+        };
+
+        self.subgraph_stack.push(SubgraphFrame {
+            context: context.clone(),
+            saved_state: saved,
+        });
+
+        // Load the subgraph state from backend
+        match &context {
+            SubgraphContext::VoiceAllocator { backend_id, .. } => {
+                let BackendNodeId::Audio(va_idx) = *backend_id;
+                if let Some(track_id) = self.track_id {
+                    if let Some(&backend_track_id) = shared.layer_to_track_map.get(&track_id) {
+                        if let Some(audio_controller) = &shared.audio_controller {
+                            let mut controller = audio_controller.lock().unwrap();
+                            match controller.query_template_state(backend_track_id, va_idx.index() as u32) {
+                                Ok(json) => {
+                                    if let Err(e) = self.load_graph_from_json(&json) {
+                                        eprintln!("Failed to load template state: {}", e);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    eprintln!("Failed to query template state: {}", e);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            SubgraphContext::Group { .. } => {
+                // TODO: query_subgraph_state when group backend is implemented
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Exit the current subgraph level, restoring parent state
+    fn exit_subgraph(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(frame) = self.subgraph_stack.pop() {
+            self.state = frame.saved_state.state;
+            self.user_state = frame.saved_state.user_state;
+            self.node_id_map = frame.saved_state.node_id_map;
+            self.backend_to_frontend_map = frame.saved_state.backend_to_frontend_map;
+            self.parameter_values = frame.saved_state.parameter_values;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Exit to a specific depth in the subgraph stack (0 = track level)
+    fn exit_to_level(&mut self, target_depth: usize) {
+        while self.subgraph_stack.len() > target_depth {
+            self.exit_subgraph();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Load graph state from a JSON string (used for both track graphs and subgraphs)
+    fn load_graph_from_json(&mut self, json: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let graph_state: daw_backend::audio::node_graph::GraphPreset =
+            serde_json::from_str(json).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse graph state: {}", e))?;
+
+        // Clear existing graph
+        self.state.graph.nodes.clear();
+        self.state.graph.inputs.clear();
+        self.state.graph.outputs.clear();
+        self.state.graph.connections.clear();
+        self.state.node_order.clear();
+        self.state.node_positions.clear();
+        self.state.selected_nodes.clear();
+        self.state.connection_in_progress = None;
+        self.state.ongoing_box_selection = None;
+        self.node_id_map.clear();
+        self.backend_to_frontend_map.clear();
+
+        // Create nodes in frontend
+        for node in &graph_state.nodes {
+            let node_template = match node.node_type.as_str() {
+                "MidiInput" => NodeTemplate::MidiInput,
+                "AudioInput" => NodeTemplate::AudioInput,
+                "AutomationInput" => NodeTemplate::AutomationInput,
+                "Oscillator" => NodeTemplate::Oscillator,
+                "WavetableOscillator" => NodeTemplate::WavetableOscillator,
+                "FMSynth" => NodeTemplate::FmSynth,
+                "NoiseGenerator" => NodeTemplate::Noise,
+                "SimpleSampler" => NodeTemplate::SimpleSampler,
+                "MultiSampler" => NodeTemplate::MultiSampler,
+                "Filter" => NodeTemplate::Filter,
+                "Gain" => NodeTemplate::Gain,
+                "Echo" | "Delay" => NodeTemplate::Echo,
+                "Reverb" => NodeTemplate::Reverb,
+                "Chorus" => NodeTemplate::Chorus,
+                "Flanger" => NodeTemplate::Flanger,
+                "Phaser" => NodeTemplate::Phaser,
+                "Distortion" => NodeTemplate::Distortion,
+                "BitCrusher" => NodeTemplate::BitCrusher,
+                "Compressor" => NodeTemplate::Compressor,
+                "Limiter" => NodeTemplate::Limiter,
+                "EQ" => NodeTemplate::Eq,
+                "Pan" => NodeTemplate::Pan,
+                "RingModulator" => NodeTemplate::RingModulator,
+                "Vocoder" => NodeTemplate::Vocoder,
+                "ADSR" => NodeTemplate::Adsr,
+                "LFO" => NodeTemplate::Lfo,
+                "Mixer" => NodeTemplate::Mixer,
+                "Splitter" => NodeTemplate::Splitter,
+                "Constant" => NodeTemplate::Constant,
+                "MidiToCV" => NodeTemplate::MidiToCv,
+                "AudioToCV" => NodeTemplate::AudioToCv,
+                "Math" => NodeTemplate::Math,
+                "SampleHold" => NodeTemplate::SampleHold,
+                "SlewLimiter" => NodeTemplate::SlewLimiter,
+                "Quantizer" => NodeTemplate::Quantizer,
+                "EnvelopeFollower" => NodeTemplate::EnvelopeFollower,
+                "BPMDetector" => NodeTemplate::BpmDetector,
+                "Mod" => NodeTemplate::Mod,
+                "Oscilloscope" => NodeTemplate::Oscilloscope,
+                "VoiceAllocator" => NodeTemplate::VoiceAllocator,
+                "Group" => NodeTemplate::Group,
+                "TemplateInput" => NodeTemplate::TemplateInput,
+                "TemplateOutput" => NodeTemplate::TemplateOutput,
+                "AudioOutput" => NodeTemplate::AudioOutput,
+                _ => {
+                    eprintln!("Unknown node type: {}", node.node_type);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+
+            use egui_node_graph2::Node;
+            let frontend_id = self.state.graph.nodes.insert(Node {
+                id: NodeId::default(),
+                label: node.node_type.clone(),
+                inputs: vec![],
+                outputs: vec![],
+                user_data: NodeData { template: node_template },
+            });
+
+            node_template.build_node(&mut self.state.graph, &mut self.user_state, frontend_id);
+
+            self.state.node_positions.insert(
+                frontend_id,
+                egui::pos2(node.position.0, node.position.1),
+            );
+
+            self.state.node_order.push(frontend_id);
+
+            let backend_id = BackendNodeId::Audio(petgraph::stable_graph::NodeIndex::new(node.id as usize));
+            self.node_id_map.insert(frontend_id, backend_id);
+            self.backend_to_frontend_map.insert(backend_id, frontend_id);
+
+            // Set parameter values from backend
+            if let Some(node_data) = self.state.graph.nodes.get(frontend_id) {
+                let input_ids: Vec<InputId> = node_data.inputs.iter().map(|(_, id)| *id).collect();
+                for input_id in input_ids {
+                    if let Some(input_param) = self.state.graph.inputs.get_mut(input_id) {
+                        if let ValueType::Float { value, backend_param_id: Some(pid), .. } = &mut input_param.value {
+                            if let Some(&backend_value) = node.parameters.get(pid) {
+                                *value = backend_value as f32;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create connections in frontend
+        for conn in &graph_state.connections {
+            let from_backend = BackendNodeId::Audio(petgraph::stable_graph::NodeIndex::new(conn.from_node as usize));
+            let to_backend = BackendNodeId::Audio(petgraph::stable_graph::NodeIndex::new(conn.to_node as usize));
+
+            if let (Some(&from_id), Some(&to_id)) = (
+                self.backend_to_frontend_map.get(&from_backend),
+                self.backend_to_frontend_map.get(&to_backend),
+            ) {
+                if let Some(from_node) = self.state.graph.nodes.get(from_id) {
+                    if let Some((_name, output_id)) = from_node.outputs.get(conn.from_port) {
+                        if let Some(to_node) = self.state.graph.nodes.get(to_id) {
+                            if let Some((_name, input_id)) = to_node.inputs.get(conn.to_port) {
+                                let max_conns = self.state.graph.inputs.get(*input_id)
+                                    .and_then(|p| p.max_connections)
+                                    .map(|n| n.get() as usize)
+                                    .unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+
+                                let current_count = self.state.graph.connections.get(*input_id)
+                                    .map(|c| c.len())
+                                    .unwrap_or(0);
+
+                                if current_count < max_conns {
+                                    if let Some(connections) = self.state.graph.connections.get_mut(*input_id) {
+                                        connections.push(*output_id);
+                                    } else {
+                                        self.state.graph.connections.insert(*input_id, vec![*output_id]);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the VA backend node ID if we're editing inside a VoiceAllocator template
+    fn va_context(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        match self.current_subgraph()? {
+            SubgraphContext::VoiceAllocator { backend_id, .. } => {
+                let BackendNodeId::Audio(idx) = *backend_id;
+                Some(idx.index() as u32)
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether we're currently editing inside a subgraph
+    fn in_subgraph(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.subgraph_stack.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current subgraph context (top of stack)
+    fn current_subgraph(&self) -> Option<&SubgraphContext> {
+        self.subgraph_stack.last().map(|f| &f.context)
+    }
+
+    /// Build breadcrumb segments for the current subgraph stack
+    fn breadcrumb_segments(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut segments = vec!["Track Graph".to_string()];
+        for frame in &self.subgraph_stack {
+            match &frame.context {
+                SubgraphContext::VoiceAllocator { .. } => segments.push("Voice Allocator".to_string()),
+                SubgraphContext::Group { name, .. } => segments.push(format!("Group '{}'", name)),
+            }
+        }
+        segments
+    }
 }
 
 impl crate::panes::PaneRenderer for NodeGraphPane {
@@ -929,7 +1174,8 @@ impl crate::panes::PaneRenderer for NodeGraphPane {
                         };
 
                         if is_valid_track {
-                            // Reload graph for new track
+                            // Reload graph for new track — exit any subgraph editing
+                            self.subgraph_stack.clear();
                             self.track_id = Some(new_track_id);
 
                             // Recreate backend
@@ -973,8 +1219,75 @@ impl crate::panes::PaneRenderer for NodeGraphPane {
         let bg_color = bg_style.background_color.unwrap_or(egui::Color32::from_gray(45));
         let grid_color = grid_style.background_color.unwrap_or(egui::Color32::from_gray(55));
 
+        // Draw breadcrumb bar when editing a subgraph
+        let breadcrumb_height = if self.in_subgraph() { 28.0 } else { 0.0 };
+        let graph_rect = if self.in_subgraph() {
+            // Draw breadcrumb bar at top
+            let breadcrumb_rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(
+                rect.min,
+                egui::vec2(rect.width(), breadcrumb_height),
+            );
+            let painter = ui.painter();
+            painter.rect_filled(breadcrumb_rect, 0.0, egui::Color32::from_gray(35));
+            painter.line_segment(
+                [breadcrumb_rect.left_bottom(), breadcrumb_rect.right_bottom()],
+                egui::Stroke::new(1.0, egui::Color32::from_gray(60)),
+            );
+
+            // Draw clickable breadcrumb segments
+            let segments = self.breadcrumb_segments();
+            let mut x = rect.min.x + 8.0;
+            let y = rect.min.y + 6.0;
+            let mut clicked_level: Option<usize> = None;
+
+            for (i, segment) in segments.iter().enumerate() {
+                let is_last = i == segments.len() - 1;
+                let text_color = if is_last {
+                    egui::Color32::from_gray(220)
+                } else {
+                    egui::Color32::from_rgb(100, 180, 255)
+                };
+
+                let font_id = egui::FontId::proportional(13.0);
+                let galley = painter.layout_no_wrap(segment.clone(), font_id, text_color);
+                let text_rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::pos2(x, y), galley.size());
+
+                if !is_last {
+                    let response = ui.interact(text_rect, ui.id().with(("breadcrumb", i)), egui::Sense::click());
+                    if response.clicked() {
+                        clicked_level = Some(i);
+                    }
+                    if response.hovered() {
+                        painter.rect_stroke(text_rect.expand(2.0), 2.0, egui::Stroke::new(1.0, egui::Color32::from_gray(80)), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                painter.galley(egui::pos2(x, y), galley, text_color);
+                x += text_rect.width();
+
+                if !is_last {
+                    let sep = " > ";
+                    let sep_galley = painter.layout_no_wrap(sep.to_string(), egui::FontId::proportional(13.0), egui::Color32::from_gray(100));
+                    painter.galley(egui::pos2(x, y), sep_galley, egui::Color32::from_gray(100));
+                    x += 20.0;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(level) = clicked_level {
+                self.exit_to_level(level);
+            }
+
+            // Shrink graph rect to below breadcrumb
+            egui::Rect::from_min_max(
+                egui::pos2(rect.min.x, rect.min.y + breadcrumb_height),
+                rect.max,
+            )
+        } else {
+            rect
+        };
+
         // Allocate the rect and render the graph editor within it
-        ui.scope_builder(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(rect), |ui| {
+        ui.scope_builder(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(graph_rect), |ui| {
             // Check for scroll input to override library's default zoom behavior
             // Only handle scroll when mouse is over the node graph area
             let pointer_over_graph = ui.rect_contains_pointer(rect);
@@ -1007,21 +1320,30 @@ impl crate::panes::PaneRenderer for NodeGraphPane {
 
             // Draw dot grid background with pan/zoom
             let pan_zoom = &self.state.pan_zoom;
-            Self::draw_dot_grid_background(ui, rect, bg_color, grid_color, pan_zoom);
+            Self::draw_dot_grid_background(ui, graph_rect, bg_color, grid_color, pan_zoom);
 
-            // Draw the graph editor (library will process scroll as zoom by default)
+            // Draw the graph editor with context-aware node templates
-            let graph_response = self.state.draw_graph_editor(
+            let graph_response = if self.in_subgraph() {
-                ui,
+                self.state.draw_graph_editor(
-                AllNodeTemplates,
+                    ui,
-                &mut self.user_state,
+                    SubgraphNodeTemplates,
-                Vec::default(),
+                    &mut self.user_state,
-            );
+                    Vec::default(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                self.state.draw_graph_editor(
+                    ui,
+                    AllNodeTemplates,
+                    &mut self.user_state,
+                    Vec::default(),
+                )
+            };
 
             // Handle graph events and create actions
-            self.handle_graph_response(graph_response, shared, rect);
+            self.handle_graph_response(graph_response, shared, graph_rect);
 
             // Check for parameter value changes and send updates to backend
-            self.check_parameter_changes();
+            self.check_parameter_changes(shared);
 
             // Execute any parameter change actions
             self.execute_pending_action(shared);

src/assets/instruments/synthesizers/bass.json

@@ -1,97 +1,126 @@
 {
   "metadata": {
     "name": "Deep Bass",
-    "description": "Thick sub bass with sawtooth oscillator",
+    "description": "Thick sub bass with sawtooth oscillator (polyphonic)",
     "author": "Lightningbeam",
-    "version": 1,
+    "version": 2,
     "tags": ["bass", "sub", "synth"]
   },
   "midi_targets": [0],
-  "output_node": 7,
+  "output_node": 2,
   "nodes": [
     {
       "id": 0,
       "node_type": "MidiInput",
       "name": "MIDI In",
       "parameters": {},
-      "position": [100.0, 100.0]
+      "position": [100.0, 150.0]
     },
     {
       "id": 1,
-      "node_type": "MidiToCV",
+      "node_type": "VoiceAllocator",
-      "name": "MIDI→CV",
+      "name": "Voice Allocator",
-      "parameters": {},
+      "parameters": {
-      "position": [400.0, 100.0]
+        "0": 8.0
+      },
+      "position": [400.0, 150.0],
+      "template_graph": {
+        "metadata": {
+          "name": "Voice Template",
+          "description": "Per-voice synth patch",
+          "author": "Lightningbeam",
+          "version": 1,
+          "tags": []
+        },
+        "midi_targets": [0],
+        "output_node": 6,
+        "nodes": [
+          {
+            "id": 0,
+            "node_type": "TemplateInput",
+            "name": "Template Input",
+            "parameters": {},
+            "position": [-200.0, 0.0]
+          },
+          {
+            "id": 1,
+            "node_type": "MidiToCV",
+            "name": "MIDI→CV",
+            "parameters": {},
+            "position": [100.0, 0.0]
+          },
+          {
+            "id": 2,
+            "node_type": "Oscillator",
+            "name": "Osc",
+            "parameters": {
+              "0": 110.0,
+              "1": 0.7,
+              "2": 1.0
+            },
+            "position": [400.0, -100.0]
+          },
+          {
+            "id": 3,
+            "node_type": "ADSR",
+            "name": "Amp Env",
+            "parameters": {
+              "0": 0.005,
+              "1": 0.2,
+              "2": 0.8,
+              "3": 0.3
+            },
+            "position": [400.0, 200.0]
+          },
+          {
+            "id": 4,
+            "node_type": "Gain",
+            "name": "VCA",
+            "parameters": {
+              "0": 1.0
+            },
+            "position": [700.0, 0.0]
+          },
+          {
+            "id": 5,
+            "node_type": "Filter",
+            "name": "LP Filter",
+            "parameters": {
+              "0": 800.0,
+              "1": 1.5,
+              "2": 0.0
+            },
+            "position": [900.0, 0.0]
+          },
+          {
+            "id": 6,
+            "node_type": "TemplateOutput",
+            "name": "Template Output",
+            "parameters": {},
+            "position": [1100.0, 0.0]
+          }
+        ],
+        "connections": [
+          { "from_node": 0, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 1, "to_port": 0 },
+          { "from_node": 1, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 2, "to_port": 0 },
+          { "from_node": 1, "from_port": 1, "to_node": 3, "to_port": 0 },
+          { "from_node": 2, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 4, "to_port": 0 },
+          { "from_node": 3, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 4, "to_port": 1 },
+          { "from_node": 4, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 5, "to_port": 0 },
+          { "from_node": 5, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 6, "to_port": 0 }
+        ]
+      }
     },
     {
       "id": 2,
-      "node_type": "Oscillator",
-      "name": "Osc",
-      "parameters": {
-        "0": 110.0,
-        "1": 0.7,
-        "2": 1.0
-      },
-      "position": [700.0, -100.0]
-    },
-    {
-      "id": 3,
-      "node_type": "ADSR",
-      "name": "Amp Env",
-      "parameters": {
-        "0": 0.005,
-        "1": 0.2,
-        "2": 0.8,
-        "3": 0.3
-      },
-      "position": [700.0, 200.0]
-    },
-    {
-      "id": 4,
-      "node_type": "Gain",
-      "name": "VCA",
-      "parameters": {
-        "0": 1.0
-      },
-      "position": [1000.0, 100.0]
-    },
-    {
-      "id": 5,
-      "node_type": "Gain",
-      "name": "Velocity",
-      "parameters": {
-        "0": 1.0
-      },
-      "position": [1150.0, 100.0]
-    },
-    {
-      "id": 6,
-      "node_type": "Filter",
-      "name": "LP Filter",
-      "parameters": {
-        "0": 800.0,
-        "1": 1.5,
-        "2": 0.0
-      },
-      "position": [1300.0, 100.0]
-    },
-    {
-      "id": 7,
       "node_type": "AudioOutput",
       "name": "Out",
       "parameters": {},
-      "position": [1600.0, 100.0]
+      "position": [700.0, 150.0]
     }
   ],
   "connections": [
     { "from_node": 0, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 1, "to_port": 0 },
-    { "from_node": 1, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 2, "to_port": 0 },
+    { "from_node": 1, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 2, "to_port": 0 }
-    { "from_node": 1, "from_port": 1, "to_node": 3, "to_port": 0 },
-    { "from_node": 1, "from_port": 2, "to_node": 5, "to_port": 1 },
-    { "from_node": 2, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 4, "to_port": 0 },
-    { "from_node": 3, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 4, "to_port": 1 },
-    { "from_node": 4, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 5, "to_port": 0 },
-    { "from_node": 5, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 6, "to_port": 0 },
-    { "from_node": 6, "from_port": 0, "to_node": 7, "to_port": 0 }
   ]
 }