CI: activate MSVC dev environment for the Windows build

The cmake crate building nam-ffi/NeuralAudio panicked with "couldn't determine
visual studio generator" because the Windows job never ran vcvars, so
cmake-rs had no VisualStudioVersion to detect the VS generator from.

Add an ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd step (x64) after the Windows dependency install; it
runs vcvars and exports the env to later steps so the C++ build can configure.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -90,6 +90,15 @@ jobs:
         shell: pwsh
         run: choco install cmake llvm --installargs 'ADD_CMAKE_TO_PATH=System' -y
 
+      # Activate the MSVC developer environment (runs vcvars) so the cmake crate
+      # building nam-ffi/NeuralAudio can determine the Visual Studio generator.
+      # Without this, cmake-rs panics with "couldn't determine visual studio generator".
+      - name: Set up MSVC developer environment (Windows)
+        if: matrix.platform == 'windows-latest'
+        uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+        with:
+          arch: x64
+
       # ── Common build steps ──
       - name: Extract version
         id: version

Changelog.md

@@ -1,3 +1,29 @@
+# 1.0.5-alpha:
+Changes:
+- Add shape tweens (morph vector geometry between keyframes)
+- Add motion tweens for groups and movie clips
+- Group geometry and Convert to Movie Clip now work on DCEL vector shapes
+- Region/lasso select now cuts the shape and feeds the normal selection, so Group, Convert, Delete and Properties all work from a lasso (hold shift to add to the selection)
+- Clip instances now draw on top of a layer's loose shapes
+- Add onion skinning for raster and vector layers, with tinted ghosts and settings in the Info Panel
+- Images can now fill vector shapes (None / Solid / Gradient / Image fill types)
+- Imported images can be placed on the canvas
+- Add a raster keyframe timeline UI with explicit keyframe creation; click a keyframe diamond to snap the playhead to it
+- Stream audio, video and images to and from the project file instead of holding them in memory, supporting arbitrarily long media
+- Persist (and resume) waveforms and video thumbnails in the project file
+- Use low-res proxies for fast cold scrubbing of raster frames
+- Bound memory use for raster pixels, GPU textures, video frames and decoded images on large projects
+- Video export is roughly 4x faster
+- Downmix surround video audio to stereo
+
+Bugfixes:
+- Fix video export resolution scaling and a post-export UI hang
+- Fix gamma handling and improve brush canvas performance
+- Fix a save crash on projects with zero or sparse audio
+- Fix raster strokes vanishing when committed
+- Fix image fill mapping (anchor to the fill's bounding box)
+- Fix video thumbnail strip bugs
+
 # 1.0.4-alpha:
 Changes:
 - Beats are now the canonical time representation (replacing seconds)

STREAMING_TO_DISK_PLAN.md

@@ -22,16 +22,13 @@ is now part of this plan.
       timestamp, and the cache keys on that — so a tile picks up a new texture when a closer thumbnail
       finishes generating. Existing `retain`-by-visible-clip cleanup keeps it bounded. *(Needs in-app check.)*
 
-## Deferred raster-keyframe-UI bugs (pre-existing; found during Phase 3 testing)
+## Raster-keyframe-UI bugs — **[DONE]** (built the raster keyframe timeline UI, 2026-06-20)
-Both stem from the **timeline having no model for raster keyframes** — it renders *clip
+Both resolved by the raster-keyframe-timeline-UI work: timeline now draws a diamond per
-instances* (`layer_clips`/`collect_clip_instances` return `&[ClipInstance]`), but raster layers use
+`RasterKeyframe` (mirrors vector), `K`/New Keyframe inserts a blank cel via `AddRasterKeyframeAction`
-`keyframes: Vec<RasterKeyframe>`; every raster arm in timeline.rs is a stub (`Raster => &[]`/`{}`).
+(canvas refreshes), paint tools edit the active keyframe instead of lazily creating, diamonds are
-- **(a) `Timeline > New Keyframe` doesn't refresh the canvas** until you draw. The menu action
+click-to-seek (pointing-hand cursor), playback prefetches frames, and onion skinning (raster+vector,
-  creates a blank raster keyframe but doesn't trigger a canvas repaint / GPU-cache invalidation for
+tinted, Info-Panel settings) is in. (a) canvas-refresh-on-new-keyframe and (b) keyframes-on-timeline
-  the new (different) `kf.id`, so the stale previous-frame texture stays until a stroke dirties it.
+are both fixed.
-- **(b) Raster keyframes never render on the timeline** — no code walks `RasterLayer::keyframes` to
-  draw markers. Needs a raster-keyframe strip (display + click-to-navigate + insert).
-Confirmed not paging regressions (same before 3a-1). A focused "raster keyframe timeline UI" task.
 
 ## Noted enhancements (later, after the phases)
 - [x] **Surround → stereo downmix (DONE).** Done uniformly in `render_from_file` (`pool.rs`) so it
@@ -44,10 +41,32 @@ Confirmed not paging regressions (same before 3a-1). A focused "raster keyframe
   paths (only when `dst==2 && src>2`; unknown layouts fall back to front L/R). Compiles clean.
   *(Needs in-app check: a 5.1 file now has centre/dialog present and isn't thin; not distorted/clipping.)*
   Native multichannel support remains a separate, larger project.
-- **Export speed:** a 1:14 1080p MP4 took ~9:06 to export (~7.4x slower than realtime). The video
+- **Export speed (audited 2026-06-21):** a 1:14 1080p MP4 took ~9:06 (~7.4x realtime, ~135 ms/frame).
-  export pipeline re-seeks + decodes per output frame (see `[Video Seek]`/`[Video Timing]` logs) and
+  Audit **refuted** the per-frame-seek theory — export decodes the source *sequentially*
-  does CPU YUV conversion; likely wins from sequential decode (avoid per-frame seeks), reusing the
+  (`video.rs` `need_seek` is false once advancing forward), and readback is already async +
-  decode cache, and/or GPU-side color conversion. Profile before optimizing.
+  triple-buffered. Real hotspots:
+  - **[DONE] #1 — per-frame renderer rebuild.** The export pump built a fresh `vello::Renderer`
+    (full wgpu pipeline init) + empty `ImageCache` *every egui repaint* (`main.rs` ~6218). Now built
+    once per export and reused; also fixed lazy-image export (the throwaway cache had no container
+    path). **Expected the dominant win.**
+  - **[DONE] #2a — encode swscale rebuilt per frame.** `CpuYuvConverter::convert` now caches the
+    RGBA→YUV420p `scaling::Context` + frames in `new()` instead of per call.
+  - **[TODO] #2b — decode swscale + stride-repack** per frame in `video.rs:294-320` (shared with
+    scrubbing; cache the YUV→RGBA scaler on the decoder). Small win, modest risk.
+  - **Result of #1+#2a (measured):** ~7.4x → **~1.74x realtime** (130.7 s for 4488 frames @ 60 fps;
+    34 fps). Per-stage avg: Render(CPU build) 15 ms, **Readback(GPU latency) 42 ms**, Extract 1.3 ms,
+    Convert 5.7 ms.
+  - **Now GPU-bound.** Per ~87 ms poll cycle the CPU does ~66 ms (3× build 45 + convert 17 + extract 4)
+    but the GPU does ~87 ms (3 × ~29 ms composite) → GPU saturated at ~29 ms/frame; "Readback 42 ms" is
+    queue latency, not transfer (8 MB is sub-ms).
+  - **[SKIP] #3 GPU YUV / #5 pacing** — both only trim the CPU side, which is already *under* the GPU.
+    Won't move a GPU-bound throughput.
+  - **[TODO, big] Reduce the GPU composite (~29 ms/frame).** The per-layer HDR pipeline (Vello render →
+    linear → composite, ×layers) is the wall, shared with live rendering. Options: batch composite
+    passes; a fast-path skipping HDR compositing for simple single-layer/no-blend docs; cache unchanged
+    layers' scenes (CPU-side, only helps if it later becomes CPU-bound). Render-architecture project.
+  - Non-issues: per-frame seek, blocking readback, audio. (`video.rs:237` container-reopen-on-seek is
+    a latent cost but doesn't fire on forward export.)
 - **AAC export NaN guard (done):** `convert_chunk_to_planar_f32` now sanitizes non-finite samples
   (NaN/Inf → 0, finite clamped to [-1,1]) like the integer paths, with a one-time warning — a stray
   non-finite render sample no longer fails the whole export. Upstream NaN source (effect/automation/
@@ -395,6 +414,56 @@ dirty never evicted. 4. 3c GPU bound. 5. 3d undo diffs reproduce pre-stroke buff
 
 ---
 
+## Phase 3.5 — Image textures in vector scenes  **[DONE 2026-06-21]**  *(prereq for Phase 4; fixed DCEL-broken image import)*
+
+**Done:** 3.5a — import/drop places an image as a borderless image-filled rectangle
+(`AddShapeAction::image_rect`), centered (direct import) or at the drop point (library drag);
+renderer now maps the image brush onto the fill's bounding box (was anchored at world origin →
+only a corner showed); `SetImageFillAction` + an **Image** fill-type tab (None|Solid|Gradient|Image)
+with an asset picker in the Info Panel. 3.5b — image bytes persist as `MediaKind::ImageAsset` rows in
+the `.beam` (kept-in-place; `ImageAsset.data` is `skip_serializing` + container-backed; old base64
+projects migrate on re-save); eager-read on load. *(ImageCache still unbounded — Phase 4 adds the
+usage-based LRU/lazy paging.)*
+
+### (original plan below)
+## Phase 3.5 — Image textures in vector scenes  *(prereq for testing Phase 4; fixes DCEL-broken image import)*
+
+**Why:** Phase 4 pages *image assets*, but there's currently no way to get an image asset into a
+vector scene — so nothing to page. This also repairs image import, half-broken since the DCEL switch.
+
+**Current state (audited 2026-06-21):**
+- *Works:* `import_image` (`main.rs`) decodes dims + creates an `ImageAsset` (raw bytes embedded in
+  `Document::image_assets`, serialized as **base64 in project JSON**). The renderer's image-fill paths
+  are **complete** — GPU/Vello (`renderer.rs:~1160`, `ImageBrush` via `ImageCache.get_or_decode`) and
+  CPU/tiny-skia (`renderer.rs:~1486`). `Fill::image_fill` (`vector_graph/mod.rs:110`) and
+  `Face::image_fill` (`dcel2/mod.rs:117`) fields exist and render when set.
+- *Broken/missing (the workflow):*
+  1. **Drop image → canvas is stubbed:** `stage.rs:~11782` and `main.rs:~4924` both just print
+     "Image drag to stage not yet supported with DCEL backend". Nothing is added to the scene.
+  2. **No way to assign an image fill:** no `SetImageFillAction` (only `SetFillPaintAction` for
+     color/gradient); no Info-Panel picker. `Fill`/`Face.image_fill` are never populated.
+  3. **DCEL faces never get `image_fill`** (`dcel2/import.rs:275` always `None`; topology copies from
+     parent which is also `None`).
+  4. **Not in the container:** `MediaKind::ImageAsset` exists but is **dead** — image bytes live only
+     as base64 in project JSON. Not chunked, not pageable (so Phase 4 can't page them).
+
+**Tasks:**
+- **3.5a — Place + assign.** Replace the two drop stubs: dropping an image onto a vector layer creates
+  a rectangle face sized to the image at the drop point with `image_fill = asset_id`. Add
+  `SetImageFillAction` (set/clear an image fill on the selected face/shape; mirrors `SetFillPaintAction`)
+  + an Info-Panel image-asset picker for the selected shape's fill. Populate `Face.image_fill` in DCEL
+  (and keep it through topology ops — already copied from parent).
+- **3.5b — Persist in the container.** Write image assets as `MediaKind::ImageAsset` rows in the `.beam`
+  SQLite (like raster/audio: write on save kept-in-place on re-save; read on load), keyed by asset id;
+  drop the base64-in-JSON embedding (or keep a tiny ref). This is the storage Phase 4 pages from.
+- **3.5c — Lazy decode hook.** Image bytes load from the container into `ImageCache` on first render
+  (decode → `ImageBrush`/`Pixmap`). Leave `ImageCache` **unbounded for now**; Phase 4 adds the
+  usage-based LRU/eviction (this phase just makes there *be* real, container-backed image assets to page).
+- **Tests:** import→drop→render round-trip; save/reload preserves the image fill + reads bytes from the
+  container (not JSON); CPU and GPU render paths both show the image.
+
+---
+
 ## Phase 4 — Asset paging by usage + LRU  *(vector's real cost is assets, not geometry)*
 
 Vector geometry is compact flat POD (tens of KB/frame, no cached tessellation/DCEL) — leave
@@ -414,6 +483,22 @@ it resident. The heavy, evictable thing is the **image assets** referenced by fi
 from blob row or external `path`); Tier 2 = decoded pixels (`ImageCache` + GPU textures —
 the heavy one).
 
+**Progress (2026-06-21):**
+- **[DONE] Tier 2 — bound the decoded `ImageCache`.** 256 MB **usage-LRU**: every
+  `get_or_decode`/`_cpu` bumps the asset's recency; inserts past budget evict the least-recently-used
+  (a miss re-decodes from `asset.data`). Achieves usage-based eviction via render-access recency
+  (simpler than the frame→asset enumeration below; that enumeration is only needed for *prefetch*).
+- **[DONE] Tier 1 — lazy compressed bytes.** `ImageCache` holds the container path (threaded
+  App.current_file_path → SharedPaneState → VelloRenderContext) and pages bytes on a decode miss via
+  `read_packed_media_readonly`; `load_beam_sqlite` no longer eager-reads → instant load, compressed
+  bytes don't accumulate. `asset.data` is still used when resident (fresh import / old base64 project).
+  *(Refinement: persistent read connection vs open-per-miss.)*
+- **[DONE] Prefetch.** `assets_needed_at(document, time)` enumerates image ids in the visible vector
+  layers' active keyframes; during playback the stage decodes the ~0.5s-ahead set into the cache.
+  *(Refinements: nested clip-instance recursion; background-thread decode.)*
+
+**Phase 4 = DONE** (image asset paging by usage + LRU).
+
 ### 4a. Frame→asset enumeration (incl. nested clips — see note below)
 A function `assets_needed_at(time) -> HashSet<Uuid>`: walk each visible vector layer's active
 `ShapeKeyframe`, collect `fill.image_fill` across its `VectorGraph.fills`, **recursing into
@@ -753,13 +838,12 @@ viewports of fine tiles; persist pyramid in `.beam`.
       packet per stream (O(1) memory vs O(duration)). Same tie-break (`v_us <= a_us`) and drain-on-EOF
       behavior; output is byte-identical. Editor compiles clean. *(Not yet runtime-verified — needs an
       in-app export to confirm A/V sync.)*
-- [ ] Phase 3a — lazy raster fault-in from blob store
+- [x] Phase 3a — lazy + async raster fault-in (`RasterStore` + background thread + image proxy)
-- [ ] Phase 3b — raster residency window + eviction
+- [x] Phase 3b — raster residency LRU + eviction (dirty-flag data-loss safety)
-- [ ] Phase 3c — bound raster GPU/CPU caches
+- [x] Phase 3c — bound raster GPU texture cache (recency LRU + F3 VRAM readout)
-- [ ] Phase 3d — spill undo snapshots
+- [x] Phase 3d — raster undo dirty-rect diffs (+ fault-in-before-undo)
-- [ ] Phase 4a — frame→asset enumeration (recursive)
+- [x] Phase 3.5 — image textures in vector scenes (fixed DCEL-broken image import; image-fill tab + picker; container-persisted)
-- [ ] Phase 4b — usage bookkeeping + LRU residency
+- [x] Phase 4 — image asset paging: Tier 2 decoded-cache byte-LRU, Tier 1 lazy container bytes, playback prefetch
-- [ ] Phase 4c — bound decoded image tier
 - [x] Phase 5 — fixed the broken `#[cfg(test)]` unit tests; **`cargo test --lib` green again**
       (daw-backend 17 passed, lightningbeam-core 264 passed). Wrapped stale raw-`f64` time literals
       in `Beats(...)` / passed `&TempoMap` to changed signatures (automation.rs, clip.rs,

TODO.md

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+# Lightningbeam TODO
+
+> ⚠️ **Stale entries:** Lightningbeam was rewritten from JavaScript to Rust. Any entry below
+> that cites `src/*.js` / `main.js` / `animation.js` predates that migration — the *issue* may
+> or may not still exist in the Rust codebase, but the file/line references are obsolete.
+> **Re-verify against the current Rust code before acting** (this covers the "Animation System
+> Refactoring" section and the JS-referencing "Known Issues" entries — node editor, default
+> interpolation, etc.). Items with no `.js` references are current.
+
+## Animation System Refactoring  *(STALE — JS-era migration notes; superseded by the Rust DCEL/keyframe system)*
+
+### Completed
+- ✅ Implement AnimationData curve-based system (Keyframe, AnimationCurve, AnimationData classes)
+- ✅ Add GraphicsObject.currentTime property
+- ✅ Migrate shape rendering to use AnimationData curves (exists, zOrder)
+- ✅ Binary search optimization for keyframe lookups
+
+### In Progress
+- Migrating from Frame-based to AnimationData curve-based system throughout codebase
+
+### Pending Features
+
+#### Animation Curve Enhancements
+- [ ] Implement extrapolation modes (separate for start vs end):
+  - "hold" (default) - hold value at first/last keyframe
+  - "extend" - linearly extend the curve beyond keyframes
+  - "repeat" - repeat the animation
+  - "decay" - exponential decay to a target value
+- [ ] Add position, scale, rotation animation curves for shapes
+- [ ] Add shape morphing/tweening between keyframes
+
+#### Keyframing Behavior
+- [ ] Add user preference for keyframing behavior when editing objects:
+  - Auto-keyframe (current default): create/update keyframe at current time
+  - Edit previous (Flash-style): update most recent keyframe before current time
+  - Ephemeral (Blender-style): changes don't persist without manual keyframe
+  - Optional: Add modifier key (e.g. Shift) to toggle between modes
+
+#### Shape Ordering
+- [ ] Add "Bring Forward" menu option (swap zOrder with shape in front)
+- [ ] Add "Send Backward" menu option (swap zOrder with shape behind)
+- [ ] Add "Bring to Front" menu option (set zOrder to max + 1)
+- [ ] Add "Send to Back" menu option (set zOrder to min - 1)
+
+#### Code Cleanup
+- [ ] Remove all remaining references to Frame-based system
+- [ ] Remove legacy Frame class once migration is complete
+- [ ] Clean up GraphicsObject.shapes[] array (shapes should only live in Layers)
+
+## Known Issues / Platform Limitations
+
+### Animation: Tweens are broken (Rust codebase) — LOW PRIORITY
+- **Issue**: Animation tweening between keyframes (shape/vector interpolation, and the
+  `tween_after` behavior on keyframes) does not work correctly in the current Rust app.
+  Needs investigation + fix. Not urgent — revisit later.
+- (Older JS-codebase animation entries below reference `src/*.js` and are stale.)
+
+### Audio: Oscillator Timbre Drift (Phase Accumulation Error)
+- **Issue**: Oscillators exhibit timbre changes over time due to floating-point phase accumulation errors
+- **Affected Files**:
+  - `daw-backend/src/effects/synth.rs:117-120` (SimpleSynth)
+  - `daw-backend/src/audio/node_graph/nodes/oscillator.rs:167-170` (OscillatorNode)
+- **Root Cause**: Current phase wrapping uses conditional subtraction (`if phase >= 1.0 { phase -= 1.0 }`), which accumulates f32 rounding errors over time, especially for long-playing notes
+- **Current Code**:
+  ```rust
+  self.phase += frequency / sample_rate;
+  if self.phase >= 1.0 {
+      self.phase -= 1.0;
+  }
+  ```
+- **Recommended Fix**: Replace with `.fract()` for numerically stable wraparound:
+  ```rust
+  self.phase += frequency / sample_rate;
+  self.phase = self.phase.fract();
+  ```
+- **Impact**: Medium - affects audio quality for sustained notes, becomes noticeable after several seconds
+- **Priority**: Medium - should be addressed before production use
+
+### UI: Node Connections Render Behind VoiceAllocator Child Nodes
+- **Issue**: Connection lines (SVG paths) inside expanded VoiceAllocator nodes render behind child nodes due to z-index stacking
+- **Affected File**: `src/styles.css:1128`
+- **Root Cause**: Child nodes have `z-index: 10` while connection SVG paths have default/lower z-index
+- **Current Code**:
+  ```css
+  .drawflow .drawflow-node.child-node {
+    opacity: 0.9;
+    border: 1px solid #5a5aaa !important;
+    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(90, 90, 170, 0.3);
+    z-index: 10;
+  }
+  ```
+- **Recommended Fix**: Either:
+  1. Remove `z-index: 10` from `.child-node` (simplest), or
+  2. Add higher z-index to connection SVG paths, or
+  3. Use CSS `isolation: isolate` on the VoiceAllocator contents area to create a new stacking context
+- **Impact**: Low - visual issue only, connections still function but appear to go "behind" nodes
+- **Priority**: Low - cosmetic issue that doesn't affect functionality
+
+### UI: VoiceAllocator Child Nodes Don't Move with Parent
+- **Issue**: When a VoiceAllocator node is moved, its child nodes remain in their original positions instead of moving with the parent
+- **Affected File**: `src/main.js:6202-6207`
+- **Root Cause**: The `nodeMoved` event handler only handles the case where a child node is moved (resizes parent), but doesn't handle when the VoiceAllocator itself is moved
+- **Current Code**:
+  ```javascript
+  editor.on("nodeMoved", (nodeId) => {
+    const node = editor.getNodeFromId(nodeId);
+    if (node && node.data.parentNodeId) {
+      resizeVoiceAllocatorToFit(node.data.parentNodeId);
+    }
+  });
+  ```
+- **Recommended Fix**: Add logic to detect when a VoiceAllocator is moved and update all child node positions:
+  ```javascript
+  editor.on("nodeMoved", (nodeId) => {
+    const node = editor.getNodeFromId(nodeId);
+
+    // Case 1: A child node was moved - resize parent
+    if (node && node.data.parentNodeId) {
+      resizeVoiceAllocatorToFit(node.data.parentNodeId);
+    }
+
+    // Case 2: A VoiceAllocator was moved - move all children
+    if (node && node.data.nodeType === 'VoiceAllocator') {
+      // Calculate delta from previous position (need to track)
+      // Update all child node positions by the delta
+      // Call editor.updateConnectionNodes() for parent and all children
+    }
+  });
+  ```
+- **Impact**: High - child nodes become disconnected from parent visually
+- **Priority**: High - breaks expected behavior of grouped nodes
+
+### UI: VoiceAllocator Expansion Doesn't Update Connection Positions
+- **Issue**: When expanding/collapsing a VoiceAllocator, connection endpoints don't update to match the new port positions
+- **Affected File**: `src/main.js:6496-6555` (handleNodeDoubleClick function)
+- **Root Cause**: The expand/collapse logic shows/hides child nodes and resizes the container, but never calls `editor.updateConnectionNodes()` to refresh connection positions
+- **Current Code**: In `handleNodeDoubleClick()`, after expanding or collapsing:
+  ```javascript
+  // Expand
+  expandedNodes.add(nodeId);
+  nodeElement.classList.add('expanded');
+  nodeElement.style.width = '600px';
+  nodeElement.style.height = '400px';
+  // ... shows child nodes ...
+  // Missing: editor.updateConnectionNodes(`node-${nodeId}`)
+  ```
+- **Recommended Fix**: Call `editor.updateConnectionNodes()` after resizing:
+  ```javascript
+  // After expanding
+  expandedNodes.add(nodeId);
+  nodeElement.classList.add('expanded');
+  // ... resize and show children ...
+
+  // Update connection positions for VoiceAllocator and all children
+  editor.updateConnectionNodes(`node-${nodeId}`);
+  for (const [childId, parentId] of nodeParents.entries()) {
+    if (parentId === nodeId) {
+      editor.updateConnectionNodes(`node-${childId}`);
+    }
+  }
+  ```
+- **Impact**: Medium - connections appear in wrong positions until manually moved
+- **Priority**: Medium - visual issue that affects usability
+
+### UI: Node Editor Allows Editing Without MIDI Layer Selected
+- **Issue**: The node editor pane allows adding/editing instrument nodes even when no MIDI layer is selected, and always uses hardcoded `trackId: 0`
+- **Affected File**: `src/main.js:6045-6920` (nodeEditor function)
+- **Root Cause**: The node editor never checks if `context.activeObject.activeLayer` exists or is a MIDI track, and all backend commands use hardcoded `trackId: 0`
+- **Current Code**: All graph commands hardcode track 0:
+  ```javascript
+  const commandArgs = parentNodeId
+    ? {
+        trackId: 0,  // HARDCODED!
+        voiceAllocatorId: editor.getNodeFromId(parentNodeId).data.backendId,
+        nodeType: nodeType,
+        x: x,
+        y: y
+      }
+    : {
+        trackId: 0,  // HARDCODED!
+        nodeType: nodeType,
+        x: x,
+        y: y
+      };
+  ```
+- **Recommended Fix**:
+  1. Check if activeLayer is a MIDI track before allowing edits:
+     ```javascript
+     function getSelectedMidiTrack() {
+       const activeLayer = context.activeObject?.activeLayer;
+       if (!activeLayer || activeLayer.type !== 'midi') {
+         return null;
+       }
+       return activeLayer;
+     }
+     ```
+  2. Show placeholder when no MIDI track selected:
+     ```javascript
+     function nodeEditor() {
+       const container = document.createElement("div");
+       const midiTrack = getSelectedMidiTrack();
+
+       if (!midiTrack) {
+         container.innerHTML = '<div class="placeholder">Select a MIDI layer to edit instruments</div>';
+         return container;
+       }
+       // ... rest of node editor code ...
+     }
+     ```
+  3. Use actual track ID instead of hardcoded 0:
+     ```javascript
+     const trackId = midiTrack.audioTrackId || 0;
+     const commandArgs = { trackId, nodeType, x, y };
+     ```
+  4. Add listener to refresh node editor when layer selection changes
+- **Impact**: High - allows editing wrong track's instrument graph, data corruption risk
+- **Priority**: High - can cause confusion and data loss
+
+### Animation: Wrong Default Interpolation for Shape and Object Keyframes
+- **Issue**: Shape index and object transform keyframes default to "linear" interpolation but should default to "hold" (step function), and there's no UI to change interpolation after creation
+- **Affected Files**:
+  - `src/models/animation.js:124` (Keyframe constructor defaults to "linear")
+  - `src/main.js:2161` (shapeIndex keyframes default to "linear")
+  - `src/main.js:2198` (object position/rotation/scale keyframes default to "linear")
+  - `src/main.js:5910` (Timeline menu - missing tween options)
+- **Root Cause**:
+  1. The Keyframe constructor defaults interpolation to "linear"
+  2. Shape index keyframes preserve existing interpolation or default to "linear"
+  3. Object transform keyframes explicitly use "linear"
+  4. No menu options exist to change interpolation mode after keyframe creation
+- **Current Code**:
+  - Keyframe constructor (animation.js:124):
+    ```javascript
+    constructor(time, value, interpolation = "linear", uuid = undefined) {
+    ```
+  - Shape index keyframes (main.js:2161):
+    ```javascript
+    const interpolationType = existingShapeIndexKf ? existingShapeIndexKf.interpolation : 'linear';
+    const shapeIndexKeyframe = new Keyframe(currentTime, newShapeIndex, interpolationType);
+    ```
+  - Object keyframes (main.js:2198):
+    ```javascript
+    const newKeyframe = new Keyframe(
+      currentTime,
+      currentValue,
+      'linear' // Default to linear interpolation
+    );
+    ```
+- **Expected Behavior**:
+  - Shape index keyframes should default to "hold" (shapes shouldn't morph between versions)
+  - Object transforms should default to "hold" (objects shouldn't move/rotate/scale between keyframes unless explicitly tweened)
+  - Timeline menu should have options to convert between interpolation modes
+- **Recommended Fix**:
+  1. Change shapeIndex default to "hold" (main.js:2161):
+     ```javascript
+     const interpolationType = existingShapeIndexKf ? existingShapeIndexKf.interpolation : 'hold';
+     ```
+  2. Change object keyframe default to "hold" (main.js:2198):
+     ```javascript
+     const newKeyframe = new Keyframe(currentTime, currentValue, 'hold');
+     ```
+  3. Add Timeline menu options (main.js:5910, in timelineSubmenu):
+     ```javascript
+     {
+       text: "Add Shape Tween",
+       enabled: /* check if shape is selected and has keyframes */,
+       action: () => {
+         // Find shapeIndex curve for selected shape
+         // Change interpolation between keyframes to "linear"
+       }
+     },
+     {
+       text: "Add Motion Tween",
+       enabled: /* check if object is selected and has transform keyframes */,
+       action: () => {
+         // Find position/rotation/scale curves for selected object
+         // Change interpolation between keyframes to "linear" or "bezier"
+       }
+     }
+     ```
+- **Note**: exists and zOrder keyframes already correctly use "hold" (main.js:2139, 2150)
+- **Impact**: High - causes unwanted interpolation, shapes morph unexpectedly, objects move when they shouldn't
+- **Priority**: High - fundamental animation behavior is incorrect
+
+### Tauri Pinch-Zoom on Linux
+- **Issue**: Two-finger pinch gestures zoom the entire Tauri window instead of individual canvases
+- **Status**: Known Tauri limitation on Linux/GTK with no cross-platform solution
+- **Tracking**: https://github.com/tauri-apps/tauri/discussions/3843
+- **Workaround attempts**: Tried `zoomHotkeysEnabled: false`, `touch-action: none`, viewport meta tags - none worked
+- **Resolution**: Monitor Tauri releases for official fix
+
+## Notes
+
+### Architecture
+- **GraphicsObject** contains Layers and has `currentTime` (continuous time)
+- **Layer** contains `shapes[]` array and `animationData` (AnimationData instance)
+- **AnimationData** contains curves dictionary, each curve identified by parameter name
+  - Shape curves: `shape.{uuid}.exists`, `shape.{uuid}.zOrder`
+  - Future: `shape.{uuid}.x`, `shape.{uuid}.y`, `shape.{uuid}.rotation`, etc.
+- **Shapes render based on curves**: Layer.draw checks exists > 0, sorts by zOrder, draws in order
+
+### Interpolation Types
+- `linear` - Linear interpolation between keyframes
+- `bezier` - Cubic Bezier with easing control points
+- `step`/`hold` - Step function (jumps to next value)

daw-backend/src/audio/engine.rs

@@ -116,7 +116,6 @@ pub struct Engine {
 
     // Current tempo map — kept in sync with SetTempo/SetTempoMap commands.
     tempo_map: crate::TempoMap,
-    current_fps: f64,
     // Current time signature — updated by SetTempo, used when SetTempoMap fires.
     time_sig: (u32, u32),
 }
@@ -197,7 +196,6 @@ impl Engine {
             timing_sum_total_us: 0,
             timing_overrun_count: 0,
             tempo_map: crate::TempoMap::constant(120.0),
-            current_fps: 30.0,
             time_sig: (4, 4),
         }
     }

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/add_shape.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ pub struct AddShapeAction {
     stroke_color: Option<ShapeColor>,
     fill_color: Option<ShapeColor>,
     is_closed: bool,
+    /// When set, the enclosed region is filled with this image asset (instead of a
+    /// solid colour). The renderer prioritises `image_fill` over colour/gradient.
+    image_fill: Option<Uuid>,
     description_text: String,
     /// Snapshot of the graph before insertion (for undo).
     graph_before: Option<VectorGraph>,
@@ -46,15 +49,53 @@ impl AddShapeAction {
             stroke_color,
             fill_color,
             is_closed,
+            image_fill: None,
             description_text: "Add shape".to_string(),
             graph_before: None,
         }
     }
 
+    /// A borderless, axis-aligned rectangle filled with an image asset — the result
+    /// of importing/dropping an image onto a vector layer.
+    pub fn image_rect(
+        layer_id: Uuid,
+        time: f64,
+        x: f64,
+        y: f64,
+        w: f64,
+        h: f64,
+        asset_id: Uuid,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut path = BezPath::new();
+        path.move_to((x, y));
+        path.line_to((x + w, y));
+        path.line_to((x + w, y + h));
+        path.line_to((x, y + h));
+        path.close_path();
+        Self {
+            layer_id,
+            time,
+            path,
+            stroke_style: None, // invisible edges — just the image
+            stroke_color: None,
+            fill_color: None,
+            is_closed: true,
+            image_fill: Some(asset_id),
+            description_text: "Add image".to_string(),
+            graph_before: None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn with_description(mut self, desc: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         self.description_text = desc.into();
         self
     }
+
+    /// Fill the created region with an image asset (image takes render priority).
+    pub fn with_image_fill(mut self, asset_id: Uuid) -> Self {
+        self.image_fill = Some(asset_id);
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 impl Action for AddShapeAction {
@@ -87,16 +128,25 @@ impl Action for AddShapeAction {
                 DEFAULT_SNAP_EPSILON,
             );
 
-            // Apply fill if this is a closed shape with fill
+            // Apply fill if this is a closed shape with a colour and/or image fill.
-            if self.is_closed {
+            if self.is_closed && (self.fill_color.is_some() || self.image_fill.is_some()) {
-                if let Some(ref fill) = self.fill_color {
+                // Compute centroid of the path's bounding box and paint-bucket fill.
-                    // Compute centroid of the path's bounding box and paint-bucket fill
+                let bbox = self.path.bounding_box();
-                    let bbox = self.path.bounding_box();
+                let centroid = kurbo::Point::new(
-                    let centroid = kurbo::Point::new(
+                    (bbox.x0 + bbox.x1) / 2.0,
-                        (bbox.x0 + bbox.x1) / 2.0,
+                    (bbox.y0 + bbox.y1) / 2.0,
-                        (bbox.y0 + bbox.y1) / 2.0,
+                );
-                    );
+                // paint_bucket needs a colour; an image-only fill uses a placeholder
-                    graph.paint_bucket(centroid, fill.clone(), FillRule::NonZero, 0.0);
+                // that the image overrides (cleared below).
+                let color = self.fill_color.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| ShapeColor::rgba(255, 255, 255, 255));
+                if let Some(fid) = graph.paint_bucket(centroid, color, FillRule::NonZero, 0.0) {
+                    if let Some(asset_id) = self.image_fill {
+                        let fill = graph.fill_mut(fid);
+                        fill.image_fill = Some(asset_id);
+                        if self.fill_color.is_none() {
+                            fill.color = None; // image-only: don't double-paint a colour
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/clip_from_geometry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+//! Shared logic for the "Group" and "Convert to Movie Clip" actions: extract the
+//! selected DCEL geometry from a vector layer's active keyframe into a new `VectorClip`
+//! and drop a `ClipInstance` in its place (so it can then be motion-tweened).
+//!
+//! A *group* (`is_group = true`) is a static container; a *movie clip* (`is_group =
+//! false`) has its own timeline. Both are tweenable via the clip instance's transform.
+//!
+//! Both the Select tool and the (cut-and-select) RegionSelect tool populate the same
+//! `Selection` ID sets, so a single entry point — [`extract_geometry_to_clip`] — handles
+//! Group and Convert-to-Movie-Clip from whatever is selected.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use crate::clip::{ClipInstance, VectorClip};
+use crate::document::Document;
+use crate::layer::{AnyLayer, ShapeKeyframe, VectorLayer};
+use crate::object::Transform;
+use crate::vector_graph::{EdgeId, FillId, VectorGraph};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+/// Build a clip holding `sub_graph` and place a `ClipInstance` (with `transform`) on the
+/// layer. Shared by both extraction paths. Does **not** touch the source graph — the
+/// caller is responsible for having removed the moved geometry first.
+fn assemble_clip_from_graph(
+    document: &mut Document,
+    layer_id: Uuid,
+    time: f64,
+    sub_graph: VectorGraph,
+    transform: Transform,
+    clip_id: Uuid,
+    instance_id: Uuid,
+    is_group: bool,
+    clip_name: &str,
+) {
+    let (doc_w, doc_h, doc_dur) = (document.width, document.height, document.duration.max(1.0));
+
+    // A vector layer whose single keyframe holds the extracted graph (in the source's
+    // coordinate space, so an identity/translation placement renders it in place).
+    let mut inner = VectorLayer::new("Layer 1");
+    let mut kf = ShapeKeyframe::new(0.0);
+    kf.graph = sub_graph;
+    inner.keyframes.push(kf);
+    let mut clip = VectorClip::with_id(clip_id, clip_name, doc_w, doc_h, doc_dur);
+    clip.is_group = is_group;
+    clip.layers.add_root(AnyLayer::Vector(inner));
+    document.add_vector_clip(clip);
+
+    let mut instance = ClipInstance::with_id(instance_id, clip_id);
+    instance.transform = transform;
+    if let Some(AnyLayer::Vector(vl)) = document.get_layer_mut(&layer_id) {
+        // Groups gate visibility by the active keyframe's clip_instance_ids; movie
+        // clips render unconditionally.
+        if is_group {
+            if let Some(kf) = vl.keyframe_at_mut(time) {
+                kf.clip_instance_ids.push(instance_id);
+            }
+        }
+        vl.clip_instances.push(instance);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extract the selected geometry into a new clip + place a `ClipInstance`. Returns the
+/// pre-extraction graph snapshot for undo. `clip_id`/`instance_id` are caller-provided
+/// so undo/redo is stable. The selection sets come straight from the editor selection
+/// (`select_fill` already includes each fill's boundary edges); `extract_subgraph`
+/// derives which of those edges are shared with non-selected shapes.
+pub fn extract_geometry_to_clip(
+    document: &mut Document,
+    layer_id: Uuid,
+    time: f64,
+    fills: &HashSet<FillId>,
+    edges: &HashSet<EdgeId>,
+    clip_id: Uuid,
+    instance_id: Uuid,
+    is_group: bool,
+    clip_name: &str,
+) -> Result<VectorGraph, String> {
+    if fills.is_empty() && edges.is_empty() {
+        return Err("No geometry selected".to_string());
+    }
+
+    // 1. Extract from the source graph (extract_subgraph removes the moved geometry).
+    let (graph_before, sub_graph) = {
+        let layer = document.get_layer_mut(&layer_id).ok_or("Layer not found")?;
+        let vl = match layer {
+            AnyLayer::Vector(vl) => vl,
+            _ => return Err("Not a vector layer".to_string()),
+        };
+        let graph = vl.graph_at_time_mut(time).ok_or("No keyframe at time")?;
+        let before = graph.clone();
+        // No explicit cut boundary — extract_subgraph derives shared-fill boundaries.
+        let (sub, _, _) = graph.extract_subgraph(edges, fills, &HashSet::new());
+        (before, sub)
+    };
+
+    // 2 & 3. Build the clip + place an identity-transform instance (geometry stays put).
+    assemble_clip_from_graph(
+        document, layer_id, time, sub_graph, Transform::default(),
+        clip_id, instance_id, is_group, clip_name,
+    );
+
+    Ok(graph_before)
+}
+
+/// Reverse `extract_geometry_to_clip`: remove the clip + instance and restore the graph.
+pub fn undo_extract_geometry(
+    document: &mut Document,
+    layer_id: Uuid,
+    time: f64,
+    clip_id: Uuid,
+    instance_id: Uuid,
+    graph_before: &VectorGraph,
+) {
+    document.vector_clips.remove(&clip_id);
+    document.rebuild_layer_to_clip_map();
+    if let Some(AnyLayer::Vector(vl)) = document.get_layer_mut(&layer_id) {
+        vl.clip_instances.retain(|ci| ci.id != instance_id);
+        if let Some(kf) = vl.keyframe_at_mut(time) {
+            kf.clip_instance_ids.retain(|id| *id != instance_id);
+        }
+        if let Some(graph) = vl.graph_at_time_mut(time) {
+            *graph = graph_before.clone();
+        }
+    }
+}
+

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/convert_to_movie_clip.rs

@@ -1,55 +1,57 @@
-//! Convert to Movie Clip action — STUB: needs DCEL rewrite
+//! Convert to Movie Clip — extract selected geometry into a movie-clip `VectorClip`
+//! (its own timeline) + a `ClipInstance` that can be motion-tweened.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
 
 use crate::action::Action;
-use crate::clip::ClipInstance;
+use crate::actions::clip_from_geometry::{extract_geometry_to_clip, undo_extract_geometry};
 use crate::document::Document;
+use crate::vector_graph::{EdgeId, FillId, VectorGraph};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-/// Action that converts selected items to a Movie Clip
-/// TODO: Rewrite for DCEL
-#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub struct ConvertToMovieClipAction {
     layer_id: Uuid,
     time: f64,
-    shape_ids: Vec<Uuid>,
+    fills: Vec<FillId>,
-    clip_instance_ids: Vec<Uuid>,
+    edges: Vec<EdgeId>,
+    clip_id: Uuid,
     instance_id: Uuid,
-    created_clip_id: Option<Uuid>,
+    graph_before: Option<VectorGraph>,
-    removed_clip_instances: Vec<ClipInstance>,
 }
 
 impl ConvertToMovieClipAction {
     pub fn new(
         layer_id: Uuid,
         time: f64,
-        shape_ids: Vec<Uuid>,
+        fills: Vec<FillId>,
-        clip_instance_ids: Vec<Uuid>,
+        edges: Vec<EdgeId>,
+        clip_id: Uuid,
         instance_id: Uuid,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self { layer_id, time, fills, edges, clip_id, instance_id, graph_before: None }
-            layer_id,
-            time,
-            shape_ids,
-            clip_instance_ids,
-            instance_id,
-            created_clip_id: None,
-            removed_clip_instances: Vec::new(),
-        }
     }
 }
 
 impl Action for ConvertToMovieClipAction {
-    fn execute(&mut self, _document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn execute(&mut self, document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let _ = (&self.layer_id, self.time, &self.shape_ids, &self.clip_instance_ids, self.instance_id);
+        let fills: HashSet<FillId> = self.fills.iter().copied().collect();
+        let edges: HashSet<EdgeId> = self.edges.iter().copied().collect();
+        let before = extract_geometry_to_clip(
+            document, self.layer_id, self.time, &fills, &edges,
+            self.clip_id, self.instance_id, false, "Movie Clip",
+        )?;
+        self.graph_before = Some(before);
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn rollback(&mut self, _document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn rollback(&mut self, document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let Some(before) = &self.graph_before {
+            undo_extract_geometry(document, self.layer_id, self.time, self.clip_id, self.instance_id, before);
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn description(&self) -> String {
-        let count = self.shape_ids.len() + self.clip_instance_ids.len();
+        "Convert to Movie Clip".to_string()
-        format!("Convert {} object(s) to Movie Clip", count)
     }
 }

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/group_shapes.rs

@@ -1,56 +1,58 @@
-//! Group action — STUB: needs DCEL rewrite
+//! Group action — extract selected geometry into a group `VectorClip` + a `ClipInstance`.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
 
 use crate::action::Action;
-use crate::clip::ClipInstance;
+use crate::actions::clip_from_geometry::{extract_geometry_to_clip, undo_extract_geometry};
 use crate::document::Document;
+use crate::vector_graph::{EdgeId, FillId, VectorGraph};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-/// Action that groups selected shapes and/or clip instances into a VectorClip
+/// Groups the selected DCEL geometry (fills/edges) of a vector layer's active keyframe
-/// TODO: Rewrite for DCEL (group DCEL faces/edges into a sub-clip)
+/// into a new group clip, placing a clip instance in its place (which can be tweened).
-#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub struct GroupAction {
     layer_id: Uuid,
     time: f64,
-    shape_ids: Vec<Uuid>,
+    fills: Vec<FillId>,
-    clip_instance_ids: Vec<Uuid>,
+    edges: Vec<EdgeId>,
+    clip_id: Uuid,
     instance_id: Uuid,
-    created_clip_id: Option<Uuid>,
+    graph_before: Option<VectorGraph>,
-    removed_clip_instances: Vec<ClipInstance>,
 }
 
 impl GroupAction {
     pub fn new(
         layer_id: Uuid,
         time: f64,
-        shape_ids: Vec<Uuid>,
+        fills: Vec<FillId>,
-        clip_instance_ids: Vec<Uuid>,
+        edges: Vec<EdgeId>,
+        clip_id: Uuid,
         instance_id: Uuid,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self { layer_id, time, fills, edges, clip_id, instance_id, graph_before: None }
-            layer_id,
-            time,
-            shape_ids,
-            clip_instance_ids,
-            instance_id,
-            created_clip_id: None,
-            removed_clip_instances: Vec::new(),
-        }
     }
 }
 
 impl Action for GroupAction {
-    fn execute(&mut self, _document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn execute(&mut self, document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let _ = (&self.layer_id, self.time, &self.shape_ids, &self.clip_instance_ids, self.instance_id);
+        let fills: HashSet<FillId> = self.fills.iter().copied().collect();
-        // TODO: Implement DCEL-aware grouping
+        let edges: HashSet<EdgeId> = self.edges.iter().copied().collect();
+        let before = extract_geometry_to_clip(
+            document, self.layer_id, self.time, &fills, &edges,
+            self.clip_id, self.instance_id, true, "Group",
+        )?;
+        self.graph_before = Some(before);
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn rollback(&mut self, _document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn rollback(&mut self, document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let Some(before) = &self.graph_before {
+            undo_extract_geometry(document, self.layer_id, self.time, self.clip_id, self.instance_id, before);
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn description(&self) -> String {
-        let count = self.shape_ids.len() + self.clip_instance_ids.len();
+        "Group".to_string()
-        format!("Group {} objects", count)
     }
 }

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/mod.rs

@@ -29,17 +29,20 @@ pub mod update_midi_events;
 pub mod loop_clip_instances;
 pub mod remove_clip_instances;
 pub mod set_keyframe;
+pub mod set_tween;
 pub mod group_shapes;
 pub mod convert_to_movie_clip;
 pub mod region_split;
 pub mod toggle_group_expansion;
 pub mod group_layers;
+pub mod clip_from_geometry;
 pub mod raster_diff;
 pub mod raster_stroke;
 pub mod raster_fill;
 pub mod add_raster_keyframe;
 pub mod move_layer;
 pub mod set_fill_paint;
+pub mod set_image_fill;
 
 pub use add_clip_instance::AddClipInstanceAction;
 pub use add_effect::AddEffectAction;
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ pub use update_midi_events::UpdateMidiEventsAction;
 pub use loop_clip_instances::LoopClipInstancesAction;
 pub use remove_clip_instances::RemoveClipInstancesAction;
 pub use set_keyframe::SetKeyframeAction;
+pub use set_tween::SetTweenAction;
 pub use group_shapes::GroupAction;
 pub use convert_to_movie_clip::ConvertToMovieClipAction;
 pub use region_split::RegionSplitAction;
@@ -75,5 +79,6 @@ pub use raster_fill::RasterFillAction;
 pub use add_raster_keyframe::AddRasterKeyframeAction;
 pub use move_layer::MoveLayerAction;
 pub use set_fill_paint::SetFillPaintAction;
+pub use set_image_fill::SetImageFillAction;
 pub use change_bpm::ChangeBpmAction;
 pub use change_fps::ChangeFpsAction;

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/raster_diff.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 //! correct). If the base is somehow not resident we skip rather than corrupt.
 
 /// Normalize a buffer to full length `n`; an empty/short buffer becomes transparent.
-fn normalize(buf: &[u8], n: usize) -> std::borrow::Cow<[u8]> {
+fn normalize(buf: &[u8], n: usize) -> std::borrow::Cow<'_, [u8]> {
     if buf.len() == n {
         std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(buf)
     } else {

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/set_image_fill.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+//! Action that sets or clears the image fill on one or more VectorGraph fills.
+//!
+//! `image_fill` is an asset id the renderer maps onto the fill's bounding box; it
+//! takes priority over colour/gradient. Setting `None` clears it (the colour/gradient
+//! underneath shows again).
+
+use crate::action::Action;
+use crate::document::Document;
+use crate::layer::AnyLayer;
+use crate::vector_graph::FillId;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+pub struct SetImageFillAction {
+    layer_id: Uuid,
+    time: f64,
+    fill_ids: Vec<FillId>,
+    /// `Some(asset_id)` to set, `None` to clear.
+    new_image: Option<Uuid>,
+    /// Per-fill previous `image_fill`, for undo.
+    old: Vec<(FillId, Option<Uuid>)>,
+}
+
+impl SetImageFillAction {
+    pub fn new(layer_id: Uuid, time: f64, fill_ids: Vec<FillId>, image: Option<Uuid>) -> Self {
+        Self { layer_id, time, fill_ids, new_image: image, old: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    fn get_graph_mut<'a>(
+        document: &'a mut Document,
+        layer_id: &Uuid,
+        time: f64,
+    ) -> Result<&'a mut crate::vector_graph::VectorGraph, String> {
+        let layer = document
+            .get_layer_mut(layer_id)
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("Layer {} not found", layer_id))?;
+        match layer {
+            AnyLayer::Vector(vl) => vl
+                .graph_at_time_mut(time)
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("No keyframe at time {}", time)),
+            _ => Err("Not a vector layer".to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Action for SetImageFillAction {
+    fn execute(&mut self, document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let graph = Self::get_graph_mut(document, &self.layer_id, self.time)?;
+        self.old.clear();
+        for &fid in &self.fill_ids {
+            self.old.push((fid, graph.fill(fid).image_fill));
+            graph.fill_mut(fid).image_fill = self.new_image;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn rollback(&mut self, document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let graph = Self::get_graph_mut(document, &self.layer_id, self.time)?;
+        for &(fid, old) in &self.old {
+            graph.fill_mut(fid).image_fill = old;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn description(&self) -> String {
+        if self.new_image.is_some() { "Set image fill" } else { "Clear image fill" }.to_string()
+    }
+}

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/set_keyframe.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::action::Action;
 use crate::animation::{AnimationCurve, AnimationTarget, Keyframe, TransformProperty};
 use crate::document::Document;
 use crate::layer::{AnyLayer, ShapeKeyframe};
+use crate::object::Transform;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 /// Undo info for a clip animation curve
@@ -54,11 +55,17 @@ const TRANSFORM_PROPERTIES: &[TransformProperty] = &[
     TransformProperty::Opacity,
 ];
 
-fn transform_default(prop: &TransformProperty) -> f64 {
+/// The clip instance's own value for a property (its base transform / opacity).
+fn transform_prop_value(t: &Transform, opacity: f64, prop: &TransformProperty) -> f64 {
     match prop {
-        TransformProperty::ScaleX | TransformProperty::ScaleY => 1.0,
+        TransformProperty::X => t.x,
-        TransformProperty::Opacity => 1.0,
+        TransformProperty::Y => t.y,
-        _ => 0.0,
+        TransformProperty::Rotation => t.rotation,
+        TransformProperty::ScaleX => t.scale_x,
+        TransformProperty::ScaleY => t.scale_y,
+        TransformProperty::SkewX => t.skew_x,
+        TransformProperty::SkewY => t.skew_y,
+        TransformProperty::Opacity => opacity,
     }
 }
 
@@ -67,6 +74,21 @@ impl Action for SetKeyframeAction {
         self.clip_undo_entries.clear();
         self.shape_keyframe_created = false;
 
+        // Phase 1 (immutable): for each clip instance, gather its base transform and the
+        // start time of its visibility region, so a brand-new curve can be anchored there.
+        let mut clip_info: std::collections::HashMap<Uuid, (Transform, f64, f64)> =
+            std::collections::HashMap::new(); // id -> (base transform, opacity, start time)
+        if let Some(AnyLayer::Vector(vl)) = document.get_layer(&self.layer_id) {
+            for clip_id in &self.clip_instance_ids {
+                if let Some(ci) = vl.clip_instances.iter().find(|c| c.id == *clip_id) {
+                    let start = vl
+                        .group_visibility_start(clip_id, self.time)
+                        .unwrap_or(ci.timeline_start);
+                    clip_info.insert(*clip_id, (ci.transform.clone(), ci.opacity, start));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         let layer = document
             .get_layer_mut(&self.layer_id)
             .ok_or_else(|| format!("Layer {} not found", self.layer_id))?;
@@ -82,23 +104,37 @@ impl Action for SetKeyframeAction {
 
             // Add clip animation keyframes
             for clip_id in &self.clip_instance_ids {
+                let (base_transform, base_opacity, start) = clip_info
+                    .get(clip_id)
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or((Transform::new(), 1.0, 0.0));
                 for prop in TRANSFORM_PROPERTIES {
                     let target = AnimationTarget::Object {
                         id: *clip_id,
                         property: *prop,
                     };
-                    let default = transform_default(prop);
+                    // Fall back to the clip's OWN value (not a generic default) so a brand-new
-                    let value = vl.layer.animation_data.eval(&target, self.time, default);
+                    // keyframe captures the actual on-stage position, not (0,0)/identity.
+                    let base = transform_prop_value(&base_transform, base_opacity, prop);
+                    let value = vl.layer.animation_data.eval(&target, self.time, base);
 
                     let curve_created = vl.layer.animation_data.get_curve(&target).is_none();
                     if curve_created {
                         vl.layer
                             .animation_data
-                            .set_curve(AnimationCurve::new(target.clone(), default));
+                            .set_curve(AnimationCurve::new(target.clone(), base));
                     }
 
                     let curve = vl.layer.animation_data.get_curve_mut(&target).unwrap();
                     let old_keyframe = curve.get_keyframe_at(self.time, 0.001).cloned();
+
+                    // When this is the first keyframe of the curve and the clip already existed
+                    // before `time`, anchor a keyframe at its start with the original value.
+                    // Otherwise a single keyframe would Hold-extrapolate backward and move the
+                    // clip on every earlier frame too (the motion-tween first-keyframe bug).
+                    if curve_created && start < self.time - 0.001 {
+                        curve.set_keyframe(Keyframe::linear(start, base));
+                    }
                     curve.set_keyframe(Keyframe::linear(self.time, value));
 
                     self.clip_undo_entries.push(ClipUndoEntry {
@@ -145,3 +181,86 @@ impl Action for SetKeyframeAction {
         "New keyframe".to_string()
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::actions::TransformClipInstancesAction;
+    use crate::clip::ClipInstance;
+    use crate::layer::VectorLayer;
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+    fn x_curve_eval(document: &Document, layer_id: Uuid, instance_id: Uuid, time: f64) -> f64 {
+        let target = AnimationTarget::Object { id: instance_id, property: TransformProperty::X };
+        match document.get_layer(&layer_id) {
+            Some(AnyLayer::Vector(vl)) => vl.layer.animation_data.eval(&target, time, f64::NAN),
+            _ => panic!("no layer"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_keyframe_then_move_does_not_disturb_earlier_frames() {
+        // Group created at frame 0 (clip at x=50), keyframe + move at frame 10 → x=200.
+        // Frame 0 must keep x=50 (the motion-tween first-keyframe bug: it used to become 200).
+        let mut document = Document::new("Test");
+        let mut layer = VectorLayer::new("Layer");
+        let clip_id = Uuid::new_v4();
+        let instance_id = Uuid::new_v4();
+        let mut instance = ClipInstance::with_id(instance_id, clip_id);
+        instance.transform = Transform::with_position(50.0, 50.0);
+        layer.clip_instances.push(instance);
+        // The group's visibility starts at a keyframe at time 0 containing the instance.
+        layer.ensure_keyframe_at(0.0).clip_instance_ids.push(instance_id);
+        let layer_id = document.root_mut().add_child(AnyLayer::Vector(layer));
+
+        // Create a keyframe at frame 10.
+        SetKeyframeAction::new(layer_id, 10.0, vec![instance_id])
+            .execute(&mut document)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // The new curve must be anchored at the start (two keyframes, both at x=50 so far).
+        assert!((x_curve_eval(&document, layer_id, instance_id, 0.0) - 50.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!((x_curve_eval(&document, layer_id, instance_id, 10.0) - 50.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+
+        // Move the clip at frame 10 to x=200.
+        let mut transforms = HashMap::new();
+        transforms.insert(
+            instance_id,
+            (Transform::with_position(50.0, 50.0), Transform::with_position(200.0, 200.0)),
+        );
+        TransformClipInstancesAction::new(layer_id, 10.0, transforms)
+            .execute(&mut document)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Frame 0 unchanged; frame 10 moved; midpoint tweens.
+        assert!((x_curve_eval(&document, layer_id, instance_id, 0.0) - 50.0).abs() < 1e-6, "frame 0 must stay 50");
+        assert!((x_curve_eval(&document, layer_id, instance_id, 10.0) - 200.0).abs() < 1e-6, "frame 10 must be 200");
+        assert!((x_curve_eval(&document, layer_id, instance_id, 5.0) - 125.0).abs() < 1e-6, "midpoint tweens");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_keyframe_at_clip_start_is_not_double_anchored() {
+        // When the keyframe is created at the clip's own start, there's nothing earlier to
+        // anchor — a single keyframe is correct.
+        let mut document = Document::new("Test");
+        let mut layer = VectorLayer::new("Layer");
+        let clip_id = Uuid::new_v4();
+        let instance_id = Uuid::new_v4();
+        let mut instance = ClipInstance::with_id(instance_id, clip_id);
+        instance.transform = Transform::with_position(10.0, 0.0);
+        layer.clip_instances.push(instance);
+        layer.ensure_keyframe_at(0.0).clip_instance_ids.push(instance_id);
+        let layer_id = document.root_mut().add_child(AnyLayer::Vector(layer));
+
+        SetKeyframeAction::new(layer_id, 0.0, vec![instance_id])
+            .execute(&mut document)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let target = AnimationTarget::Object { id: instance_id, property: TransformProperty::X };
+        if let Some(AnyLayer::Vector(vl)) = document.get_layer(&layer_id) {
+            let curve = vl.layer.animation_data.get_curve(&target).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(curve.keyframes.len(), 1, "keyframe at clip start needs no anchor");
+            assert!((curve.eval(0.0) - 10.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        }
+    }
+}

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/actions/set_tween.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//! Set the tween type on the keyframe at-or-before a time (e.g. "Add Shape Tween").
+//!
+//! The keyframe's `tween_after` controls how the span between it and the next keyframe is
+//! rendered: `None` holds, `Shape` morphs the geometry (when the two keyframes share
+//! topology — otherwise rendering falls back to holding).
+
+use crate::action::Action;
+use crate::document::Document;
+use crate::layer::{AnyLayer, TweenType};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+pub struct SetTweenAction {
+    layer_id: Uuid,
+    time: f64,
+    new_tween: TweenType,
+    old_tween: Option<TweenType>,
+}
+
+impl SetTweenAction {
+    pub fn new(layer_id: Uuid, time: f64, new_tween: TweenType) -> Self {
+        Self { layer_id, time, new_tween, old_tween: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Action for SetTweenAction {
+    fn execute(&mut self, document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let Some(AnyLayer::Vector(vl)) = document.get_layer_mut(&self.layer_id) {
+            if let Some(kf) = vl.keyframe_at_mut(self.time) {
+                self.old_tween = Some(kf.tween_after);
+                kf.tween_after = self.new_tween;
+            } else {
+                return Err("No keyframe at-or-before this time".to_string());
+            }
+        } else {
+            return Err("Not a vector layer".to_string());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn rollback(&mut self, document: &mut Document) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if let (Some(old), Some(AnyLayer::Vector(vl))) =
+            (self.old_tween, document.get_layer_mut(&self.layer_id))
+        {
+            if let Some(kf) = vl.keyframe_at_mut(self.time) {
+                kf.tween_after = old;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn description(&self) -> String {
+        match self.new_tween {
+            TweenType::Shape => "Add shape tween".to_string(),
+            TweenType::None => "Remove tween".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/animation.rs

@@ -322,6 +322,20 @@ impl AnimationCurve {
         }
     }
 
+    /// True when `time` lies strictly between two keyframes — an in-between frame of a
+    /// tween (not on a keyframe, not in the pre/post-extrapolation tails).
+    pub fn is_tween_inbetween(&self, time: f64, tol: f64) -> bool {
+        if self.keyframes.len() < 2 {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let first = self.keyframes.first().unwrap().time;
+        let last = self.keyframes.last().unwrap().time;
+        if time <= first + tol || time >= last - tol {
+            return false;
+        }
+        !self.keyframes.iter().any(|kf| (kf.time - time).abs() <= tol)
+    }
+
     /// Extrapolate before the first keyframe
     fn extrapolate_pre(&self, time: f64, first_kf: &Keyframe) -> f64 {
         match self.pre_extrapolation {
@@ -516,6 +530,17 @@ impl AnimationData {
         self.curves.remove(target)
     }
 
+    /// True when the object (e.g. a clip instance) is mid motion-tween at `time` — any of
+    /// its curves has `time` strictly between two keyframes. Used to lock out editing on
+    /// in-between frames (editing there would silently insert a keyframe and disturb the tween).
+    pub fn is_object_tweened_at(&self, id: uuid::Uuid, time: f64) -> bool {
+        const TOL: f64 = 0.001;
+        self.curves.iter().any(|(target, curve)| {
+            matches!(target, AnimationTarget::Object { id: oid, .. } if *oid == id)
+                && curve.is_tween_inbetween(time, TOL)
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Evaluate a property at a given time
     pub fn eval(&self, target: &AnimationTarget, time: f64, default: f64) -> f64 {
         self.curves
@@ -545,3 +570,51 @@ impl AnimationData {
         (t, opacity)
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tween_lock_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn curve_in_between_detection() {
+        let mut c = AnimationCurve::new(
+            AnimationTarget::Object { id: uuid::Uuid::nil(), property: TransformProperty::X },
+            0.0,
+        );
+        c.set_keyframe(Keyframe::linear(0.0, 0.0));
+        c.set_keyframe(Keyframe::linear(10.0, 100.0));
+
+        assert!(c.is_tween_inbetween(5.0, 0.001), "strictly between keyframes");
+        assert!(!c.is_tween_inbetween(0.0, 0.001), "on a keyframe");
+        assert!(!c.is_tween_inbetween(10.0, 0.001), "on a keyframe");
+        assert!(!c.is_tween_inbetween(15.0, 0.001), "past the last keyframe (extrapolation tail)");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single_keyframe_is_never_in_between() {
+        let mut c = AnimationCurve::new(
+            AnimationTarget::Object { id: uuid::Uuid::nil(), property: TransformProperty::X },
+            0.0,
+        );
+        c.set_keyframe(Keyframe::linear(10.0, 100.0));
+        assert!(!c.is_tween_inbetween(5.0, 0.001));
+        assert!(!c.is_tween_inbetween(20.0, 0.001));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn object_tweened_when_any_curve_is_in_between() {
+        let id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4();
+        let mut data = AnimationData::new();
+        let mut cx = AnimationCurve::new(
+            AnimationTarget::Object { id, property: TransformProperty::X },
+            0.0,
+        );
+        cx.set_keyframe(Keyframe::linear(0.0, 0.0));
+        cx.set_keyframe(Keyframe::linear(10.0, 100.0));
+        data.set_curve(cx);
+
+        assert!(data.is_object_tweened_at(id, 5.0));
+        assert!(!data.is_object_tweened_at(id, 0.0));
+        assert!(!data.is_object_tweened_at(uuid::Uuid::new_v4(), 5.0), "different object");
+    }
+}

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/clip.rs

@@ -263,9 +263,11 @@ pub struct ImageAsset {
     /// Image height in pixels
     pub height: u32,
 
-    /// Embedded image data (for project portability)
+    /// Raw image file bytes. NOT serialized to project JSON — persisted as a
-    /// If None, the image will be loaded from path when needed
+    /// `MediaKind::ImageAsset` row in the `.beam` container (chunked, pageable) and
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    /// read back on load. `default` so new projects (bytes in the container, not JSON)
+    /// deserialize; old projects with base64-embedded `data` still load via deserialize.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing)]
     pub data: Option<Vec<u8>>,
 
     /// Folder this asset belongs to (None = root of category)

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/file_io.rs

@@ -462,6 +462,32 @@ pub fn save_beam(
         }
     }
 
+    // --- image assets -> media rows (original file bytes), keyed by asset id ---
+    let mut image_count = 0usize;
+    for (id, asset) in &document.image_assets {
+        if let Some(ref data) = asset.data {
+            let ext = asset
+                .path
+                .extension()
+                .and_then(|e| e.to_str())
+                .unwrap_or("img")
+                .to_lowercase();
+            txn.put_media_packed(
+                *id,
+                MediaKind::ImageAsset,
+                &ext,
+                data,
+                MediaMeta { width: Some(asset.width), height: Some(asset.height), ..Default::default() },
+            )?;
+            live_media.insert(*id);
+            image_count += 1;
+        } else if txn.media_exists(*id)? {
+            // Bytes not resident (paged out) but already stored — keep the row.
+            live_media.insert(*id);
+        }
+    }
+    let _ = image_count;
+
     // --- orphan cleanup: drop media for removed clips/keyframes ---
     let removed = txn.retain_media(&live_media)?;
 
@@ -625,6 +651,11 @@ fn load_beam_sqlite(path: &Path) -> Result<LoadedProject, String> {
     }
     let _ = proxy_load_count;
 
+    // Image-asset bytes are NOT eagerly read (Phase 4 Tier 1 paging): `ImageAsset.data`
+    // stays empty and the renderer's ImageCache pages bytes from the container on a
+    // decode miss (keyed by asset id). Old base64 projects keep their deserialized
+    // `data` (no container row). Loading is instant; only rendered images touch disk.
+
     // Missing external files (referenced entries whose file no longer exists).
     let project_dir = path.parent().unwrap_or_else(|| Path::new("."));
     let missing_files: Vec<MissingFileInfo> = restored_entries

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/gpu/compositor.rs

@@ -105,6 +105,9 @@ pub struct CompositorLayer {
     pub opacity: f32,
     /// Blend mode for this layer
     pub blend_mode: BlendMode,
+    /// Screen-blend RGB tint; `[0,0,0,0]` (the default) is a no-op. Used by
+    /// onion-skin ghosts (warm = past, cool = future).
+    pub tint: [f32; 4],
 }
 
 impl CompositorLayer {
@@ -113,12 +116,19 @@ impl CompositorLayer {
             buffer,
             opacity: opacity.clamp(0.0, 1.0),
             blend_mode,
+            tint: [0.0; 4],
         }
     }
 
     pub fn normal(buffer: BufferHandle, opacity: f32) -> Self {
         Self::new(buffer, opacity, BlendMode::Normal)
     }
+
+    /// Screen-blend the layer toward an RGB tint (for onion-skin ghosts).
+    pub fn with_tint(mut self, r: f32, g: f32, b: f32) -> Self {
+        self.tint = [r, g, b, 0.0];
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 /// Uniform data for the composite shader
@@ -129,8 +139,10 @@ pub struct CompositeUniforms {
     pub opacity: f32,
     /// Blend mode index
     pub blend_mode: u32,
-    /// Padding for alignment
+    /// Padding to 16 bytes before the vec4 tint
     pub _padding: [u32; 2],
+    /// Screen-blend tint ((0,0,0) = none); `.w` unused.
+    pub tint: [f32; 4],
 }
 
 /// Compositor for blending layers
@@ -323,6 +335,7 @@ impl Compositor {
                 opacity: layer.opacity,
                 blend_mode: layer.blend_mode.to_index(),
                 _padding: [0, 0],
+                tint: layer.tint,
             };
             queue.write_buffer(&uniforms_buffer, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&uniforms));
 
@@ -382,6 +395,8 @@ struct Uniforms {
     opacity: f32,
     blend_mode: u32,
     _padding: vec2<u32>,
+    // Screen-blend tint ((0,0,0) = no tint). Used by onion-skin ghosts.
+    tint: vec4<f32>,
 }
 
 @group(0) @binding(0) var source_tex: texture_2d<f32>;
@@ -526,7 +541,11 @@ fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     // Apply opacity
     let src_alpha = src.a * uniforms.opacity;
 
+    // Screen-blend tint (recolors blacks toward the tint; no-op at tint=0).
+    let t = uniforms.tint.rgb;
+    let tinted = src.rgb + t - src.rgb * t;
+
     // Output premultiplied alpha in linear color space
-    return vec4<f32>(src.rgb * src_alpha, src_alpha);
+    return vec4<f32>(tinted * src_alpha, src_alpha);
 }
 "#;

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/layer.rs

@@ -382,6 +382,29 @@ impl VectorLayer {
         self.keyframe_at(time).map(|kf| &kf.graph)
     }
 
+    /// The VectorGraph to *render* at `time`. When the keyframe at-or-before `time` has
+    /// `tween_after == Shape` and the next keyframe shares its topology, returns an owned
+    /// graph morphed between them; otherwise borrows the held keyframe's graph. Editing
+    /// should keep using `graph_at_time`/`graph_at_time_mut` (the held keyframe).
+    pub fn tweened_graph_at(&self, time: f64) -> Option<std::borrow::Cow<'_, VectorGraph>> {
+        use std::borrow::Cow;
+        let idx = self.keyframes.partition_point(|kf| kf.time <= time);
+        if idx == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let a = &self.keyframes[idx - 1];
+        if a.tween_after == TweenType::Shape && idx < self.keyframes.len() {
+            let b = &self.keyframes[idx];
+            if b.time > a.time {
+                let t = ((time - a.time) / (b.time - a.time)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                if let Some(g) = a.graph.interpolated(&b.graph, t) {
+                    return Some(Cow::Owned(g));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Some(Cow::Borrowed(&a.graph))
+    }
+
     /// Get a mutable VectorGraph at a given time
     pub fn graph_at_time_mut(&mut self, time: f64) -> Option<&mut VectorGraph> {
         self.keyframe_at_mut(time).map(|kf| &mut kf.graph)
@@ -433,6 +456,25 @@ impl VectorLayer {
         time + frame_duration
     }
 
+    /// Start time of the group clip instance's visibility region that contains `time`:
+    /// the time of the earliest keyframe reachable by walking back through consecutive
+    /// keyframes that all contain the clip instance. Returns `None` if the clip instance
+    /// isn't a keyframe-gated group visible at `time` (e.g. a movie clip).
+    pub fn group_visibility_start(&self, clip_instance_id: &Uuid, time: f64) -> Option<f64> {
+        let after = self.keyframes.partition_point(|kf| kf.time <= time);
+        if after == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let mut idx = after - 1; // keyframe at-or-before `time`
+        if !self.keyframes[idx].clip_instance_ids.contains(clip_instance_id) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        while idx > 0 && self.keyframes[idx - 1].clip_instance_ids.contains(clip_instance_id) {
+            idx -= 1;
+        }
+        Some(self.keyframes[idx].time)
+    }
+
     // Shape-based methods removed — use DCEL methods instead.
     // - shapes_at_time_mut → graph_at_time_mut
     // - get_shape_in_keyframe → use DCEL vertex/edge/face accessors
@@ -451,30 +493,53 @@ impl VectorLayer {
         &mut self.keyframes[insert_idx]
     }
 
-    /// Insert a new keyframe at time by cloning the DCEL from the active keyframe.
+    /// Insert a new keyframe at time, taking the geometry the layer shows there.
     /// If a keyframe already exists at the exact time, does nothing and returns it.
+    ///
+    /// Inside a shape-tween span this captures the *interpolated* geometry at `time` (not
+    /// the left keyframe's), and inherits the span's `tween_after` so the new keyframe keeps
+    /// tweening toward the next one — i.e. splitting a tween in two leaves the motion intact.
     pub fn insert_keyframe_from_current(&mut self, time: f64) -> &mut ShapeKeyframe {
         let tolerance = 0.001;
         if let Some(idx) = self.keyframe_index_at_exact(time, tolerance) {
             return &mut self.keyframes[idx];
         }
 
-        // Clone graph and clip instance IDs from the active keyframe
+        // Geometry shown at `time` (interpolated if mid-tween, else the held keyframe).
-        let (cloned_graph, cloned_clip_ids) = self
+        let cloned_graph = self
+            .tweened_graph_at(time)
+            .map(|g| g.into_owned())
+            .unwrap_or_else(VectorGraph::new);
+        // Inherit tween + clip instances from the active (left) keyframe.
+        let (tween_after, cloned_clip_ids) = self
             .keyframe_at(time)
-            .map(|kf| {
+            .map(|kf| (kf.tween_after, kf.clip_instance_ids.clone()))
-                (kf.graph.clone(), kf.clip_instance_ids.clone())
+            .unwrap_or((TweenType::None, Vec::new()));
-            })
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| (VectorGraph::new(), Vec::new()));
 
         let insert_idx = self.keyframes.partition_point(|kf| kf.time < time);
         let mut kf = ShapeKeyframe::new(time);
         kf.graph = cloned_graph;
+        kf.tween_after = tween_after;
         kf.clip_instance_ids = cloned_clip_ids;
         self.keyframes.insert(insert_idx, kf);
         &mut self.keyframes[insert_idx]
     }
 
+    /// True when `time` falls strictly inside a shape-tween span — i.e. an in-between frame
+    /// (the left keyframe has `tween_after == Shape` and `time` is not on either keyframe).
+    /// Editing such a frame would silently modify the left keyframe, so the editor blocks it.
+    pub fn is_tween_inbetween(&self, time: f64) -> bool {
+        let tol = 0.001;
+        let idx = self.keyframes.partition_point(|kf| kf.time <= time);
+        if idx == 0 || idx >= self.keyframes.len() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let (a, b) = (&self.keyframes[idx - 1], &self.keyframes[idx]);
+        a.tween_after == TweenType::Shape
+            && (time - a.time).abs() > tol
+            && (b.time - time).abs() > tol
+    }
+
     /// Remove a keyframe at the exact time (within tolerance).
     /// Returns the removed keyframe if found.
     pub(crate) fn remove_keyframe_at(&mut self, time: f64, tolerance: f64) -> Option<ShapeKeyframe> {
@@ -1050,6 +1115,97 @@ impl AnyLayer {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn tweened_graph_at_morphs_between_shape_keyframes() {
+        use crate::vector_graph::{Direction, FillRule, ShapeColor};
+        use kurbo::{CubicBez, Point};
+
+        // Build a single-vertex-ish graph at a given x via one degenerate fill is overkill;
+        // use one vertex + one edge (a loop) is also odd. Use two vertices + one edge and
+        // just check the vertex lerp through the layer's tween path.
+        let mk = |x: f64| {
+            let mut g = VectorGraph::new();
+            let v0 = g.alloc_vertex(Point::new(x, 0.0));
+            let v1 = g.alloc_vertex(Point::new(x + 10.0, 0.0));
+            let c = CubicBez::new(
+                Point::new(x, 0.0),
+                Point::new(x + 3.0, 0.0),
+                Point::new(x + 7.0, 0.0),
+                Point::new(x + 10.0, 0.0),
+            );
+            g.alloc_edge(c, v0, v1, None, Some(ShapeColor::rgb(0, 0, 0)));
+            g.alloc_fill(vec![(crate::vector_graph::EdgeId(0), Direction::Forward)],
+                ShapeColor::rgb(255, 0, 0), FillRule::NonZero);
+            g
+        };
+
+        let mut layer = VectorLayer::new("L");
+        layer.keyframes.clear();
+        let mut kf0 = ShapeKeyframe::new(0.0);
+        kf0.graph = mk(0.0);
+        kf0.tween_after = TweenType::Shape;
+        let mut kf10 = ShapeKeyframe::new(10.0);
+        kf10.graph = mk(100.0);
+        layer.keyframes.push(kf0);
+        layer.keyframes.push(kf10);
+
+        // Midway through the tween, vertex 0 is halfway (x=50).
+        let g = layer.tweened_graph_at(5.0).unwrap();
+        assert!((g.vertices[0].position.x - 50.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+
+        // Without the tween flag, it holds the left keyframe (x=0).
+        layer.keyframes[0].tween_after = TweenType::None;
+        let g = layer.tweened_graph_at(5.0).unwrap();
+        assert!((g.vertices[0].position.x - 0.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn inserting_keyframe_mid_tween_captures_interpolated_geometry_and_inherits_tween() {
+        use crate::vector_graph::{Direction, FillRule, ShapeColor};
+        use kurbo::{CubicBez, Point};
+
+        let mk = |x: f64| {
+            let mut g = VectorGraph::new();
+            let v0 = g.alloc_vertex(Point::new(x, 0.0));
+            let v1 = g.alloc_vertex(Point::new(x + 10.0, 0.0));
+            let c = CubicBez::new(
+                Point::new(x, 0.0),
+                Point::new(x + 3.0, 0.0),
+                Point::new(x + 7.0, 0.0),
+                Point::new(x + 10.0, 0.0),
+            );
+            g.alloc_edge(c, v0, v1, None, Some(ShapeColor::rgb(0, 0, 0)));
+            g.alloc_fill(vec![(crate::vector_graph::EdgeId(0), Direction::Forward)],
+                ShapeColor::rgb(255, 0, 0), FillRule::NonZero);
+            g
+        };
+
+        let mut layer = VectorLayer::new("L");
+        layer.keyframes.clear();
+        let mut kf_a = ShapeKeyframe::new(0.0);
+        kf_a.graph = mk(0.0);
+        kf_a.tween_after = TweenType::Shape;
+        let mut kf_b = ShapeKeyframe::new(10.0);
+        kf_b.graph = mk(100.0);
+        layer.keyframes.push(kf_a);
+        layer.keyframes.push(kf_b);
+
+        // Insert keyframe C at the midpoint of the A→B shape tween.
+        layer.insert_keyframe_from_current(5.0);
+
+        let c = layer.keyframe_at(5.0).expect("keyframe C exists");
+        // C took the interpolated geometry (x=50), not A's geometry (x=0).
+        assert!((c.graph.vertices[0].position.x - 50.0).abs() < 1e-6,
+            "C should hold interpolated geometry, got {}", c.graph.vertices[0].position.x);
+        // C inherits the shape tween so it still morphs toward B.
+        assert_eq!(c.tween_after, TweenType::Shape, "C should inherit the shape tween");
+
+        // The frame between C and B is still an in-between (tween continues past C).
+        assert!(layer.is_tween_inbetween(7.0));
+        // C itself is a keyframe, not an in-between.
+        assert!(!layer.is_tween_inbetween(5.0));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_layer_creation() {
         let layer = Layer::new(LayerType::Vector, "Test Layer");

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/renderer.rs

@@ -22,43 +22,111 @@ use vello::peniko::{Blob, Fill, ImageAlphaType, ImageBrush, ImageData, ImageForm
 use vello::Scene;
 
 /// Cache for decoded image data to avoid re-decoding every frame
+/// Decoded-image cache, bounded by a byte budget with usage-LRU eviction (Phase 4
+/// asset paging). The decoded RGBA (~`w·h·4` per image) is the heavy, evictable cost;
+/// a miss re-decodes from `asset.data`. Recency is bumped on every access, so images
+/// actually rendered each frame stay resident and unused ones age out under pressure.
 pub struct ImageCache {
     cache: HashMap<Uuid, Arc<ImageBrush>>,
     /// CPU path: tiny-skia pixmaps decoded from the same assets (premultiplied RGBA8)
     cpu_cache: HashMap<Uuid, Arc<tiny_skia::Pixmap>>,
+    /// Recency order (least-recent first) of resident asset ids.
+    lru: Vec<Uuid>,
+    /// Decoded bytes per resident asset (counted once; GPU/CPU are ~equal and a render
+    /// session uses one path) and the running total.
+    sizes: HashMap<Uuid, usize>,
+    bytes: usize,
+    /// `.beam` container path for lazily loading compressed `ImageAsset` bytes on a
+    /// decode miss (Tier 1 paging) when `asset.data` isn't resident.
+    container_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
 }
 
 impl ImageCache {
+    /// Max decoded-image bytes kept resident before LRU eviction.
+    const BUDGET: usize = 256 * 1024 * 1024;
+
     /// Create a new empty image cache
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             cache: HashMap::new(),
             cpu_cache: HashMap::new(),
+            lru: Vec::new(),
+            sizes: HashMap::new(),
+            bytes: 0,
+            container_path: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the `.beam` container path used to lazily load image bytes that aren't
+    /// resident in `asset.data` (Tier 1 paging). Cheap to call each frame.
+    pub fn set_container_path(&mut self, path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>) {
+        self.container_path = path;
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve an asset's compressed bytes: prefer the resident `asset.data` (imported
+    /// this session, or an old base64 project), else page from the container.
+    fn resolve_bytes<'a>(&self, asset: &'a ImageAsset) -> Option<std::borrow::Cow<'a, [u8]>> {
+        if let Some(d) = &asset.data {
+            return Some(std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(d.as_slice()));
+        }
+        let path = self.container_path.as_ref()?;
+        crate::beam_archive::read_packed_media_readonly(path, asset.id)
+            .ok()
+            .flatten()
+            .map(std::borrow::Cow::Owned)
+    }
+
+    /// Mark `id` (size `size` bytes) as most-recently-used; evict LRU entries over budget.
+    fn touch(&mut self, id: Uuid, size: usize) {
+        if !self.sizes.contains_key(&id) {
+            self.sizes.insert(id, size);
+            self.bytes += size;
+        }
+        if let Some(pos) = self.lru.iter().position(|x| *x == id) {
+            self.lru.remove(pos);
+        }
+        self.lru.push(id);
+        // Keep at least the just-touched entry resident.
+        while self.bytes > Self::BUDGET && self.lru.len() > 1 {
+            let old = self.lru.remove(0);
+            self.cache.remove(&old);
+            self.cpu_cache.remove(&old);
+            if let Some(sz) = self.sizes.remove(&old) {
+                self.bytes -= sz;
+            }
         }
     }
 
     /// Get or decode an image, caching the result
     pub fn get_or_decode(&mut self, asset: &ImageAsset) -> Option<Arc<ImageBrush>> {
-        if let Some(cached) = self.cache.get(&asset.id) {
+        let size = (asset.width as usize) * (asset.height as usize) * 4;
-            return Some(Arc::clone(cached));
+        if let Some(cached) = self.cache.get(&asset.id).map(Arc::clone) {
+            self.touch(asset.id, size);
+            return Some(cached);
         }
 
-        // Decode and cache
+        // Decode and cache (bytes from asset.data or paged from the container).
-        let image = decode_image_asset(asset)?;
+        let bytes = self.resolve_bytes(asset)?;
+        let image = decode_image_brush(&bytes)?;
         let arc_image = Arc::new(image);
         self.cache.insert(asset.id, Arc::clone(&arc_image));
+        self.touch(asset.id, size);
         Some(arc_image)
     }
 
     /// Get or decode an image as a premultiplied tiny-skia Pixmap (CPU render path).
     pub fn get_or_decode_cpu(&mut self, asset: &ImageAsset) -> Option<Arc<tiny_skia::Pixmap>> {
-        if let Some(cached) = self.cpu_cache.get(&asset.id) {
+        let size = (asset.width as usize) * (asset.height as usize) * 4;
-            return Some(Arc::clone(cached));
+        if let Some(cached) = self.cpu_cache.get(&asset.id).map(Arc::clone) {
+            self.touch(asset.id, size);
+            return Some(cached);
         }
 
-        let pixmap = decode_image_to_pixmap(asset)?;
+        let bytes = self.resolve_bytes(asset)?;
+        let pixmap = decode_image_to_pixmap(&bytes)?;
         let arc = Arc::new(pixmap);
         self.cpu_cache.insert(asset.id, Arc::clone(&arc));
+        self.touch(asset.id, size);
         Some(arc)
     }
 
@@ -66,12 +134,21 @@ impl ImageCache {
     pub fn invalidate(&mut self, id: &Uuid) {
         self.cache.remove(id);
         self.cpu_cache.remove(id);
+        if let Some(pos) = self.lru.iter().position(|x| x == id) {
+            self.lru.remove(pos);
+        }
+        if let Some(sz) = self.sizes.remove(id) {
+            self.bytes -= sz;
+        }
     }
 
     /// Clear all cached images
     pub fn clear(&mut self) {
         self.cache.clear();
         self.cpu_cache.clear();
+        self.lru.clear();
+        self.sizes.clear();
+        self.bytes = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -81,12 +158,34 @@ impl Default for ImageCache {
     }
 }
 
-/// Decode an image asset to a premultiplied tiny-skia Pixmap (CPU render path).
+/// Image asset ids referenced by the visible vector layers' active keyframes at `time`
-fn decode_image_to_pixmap(asset: &ImageAsset) -> Option<tiny_skia::Pixmap> {
+/// (top-level + group children). Used to prefetch/decode images ahead during playback.
-    let data = asset.data.as_ref()?;
+/// (Recursing into nested clip instances is a refinement.)
+pub fn assets_needed_at(document: &Document, time: f64) -> Vec<Uuid> {
+    let mut ids = Vec::new();
+    for layer in document.all_layers() {
+        if let crate::layer::AnyLayer::Vector(vl) = layer {
+            if !vl.layer.visible {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Some(kf) = vl.keyframe_at(time) {
+                for fill in &kf.graph.fills {
+                    if let Some(id) = fill.image_fill {
+                        ids.push(id);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ids
+}
+
+/// Decode image bytes to a premultiplied tiny-skia Pixmap (CPU render path).
+fn decode_image_to_pixmap(data: &[u8]) -> Option<tiny_skia::Pixmap> {
     let img = image::load_from_memory(data).ok()?;
     let rgba = img.to_rgba8();
-    let mut pixmap = tiny_skia::Pixmap::new(asset.width, asset.height)?;
+    let (iw, ih) = rgba.dimensions();
+    let mut pixmap = tiny_skia::Pixmap::new(iw, ih)?;
     for (dst, src) in pixmap.pixels_mut().iter_mut().zip(rgba.pixels()) {
         let [r, g, b, a] = src.0;
         // Convert straight alpha (image crate output) to premultiplied (tiny-skia internal format)
@@ -100,21 +199,17 @@ fn decode_image_to_pixmap(asset: &ImageAsset) -> Option<tiny_skia::Pixmap> {
     Some(pixmap)
 }
 
-/// Decode an image asset to peniko ImageBrush
+/// Decode image bytes to a peniko ImageBrush (GPU render path).
-fn decode_image_asset(asset: &ImageAsset) -> Option<ImageBrush> {
+fn decode_image_brush(data: &[u8]) -> Option<ImageBrush> {
-    // Get the raw file data
-    let data = asset.data.as_ref()?;
-
-    // Decode using the image crate
     let img = image::load_from_memory(data).ok()?;
     let rgba = img.to_rgba8();
+    let (iw, ih) = rgba.dimensions();
 
-    // Create peniko ImageData then ImageBrush
     let image_data = ImageData {
         data: Blob::from(rgba.into_raw()),
         format: ImageFormat::Rgba8,
-        width: asset.width,
+        width: iw,
-        height: asset.height,
+        height: ih,
         alpha_type: ImageAlphaType::Alpha,
     };
     Some(ImageBrush::new(image_data))
@@ -1162,7 +1257,15 @@ pub fn render_vector_graph(
             if let Some(image_asset) = document.get_image_asset(&image_asset_id) {
                 if let Some(image) = image_cache.get_or_decode(image_asset) {
                     let image_with_alpha = (*image).clone().with_alpha(opacity_f32);
-                    scene.fill(fill_rule, base_transform, &image_with_alpha, None, &path);
+                    // Map the image (native pixel space, origin 0,0) onto the fill's
+                    // bounding box, so it sits where the shape is and scales to fit
+                    // (1:1 for an image-sized rectangle).
+                    let bbox = vello::kurbo::Shape::bounding_box(&path);
+                    let iw = (image_asset.width.max(1)) as f64;
+                    let ih = (image_asset.height.max(1)) as f64;
+                    let brush_transform = Affine::translate((bbox.x0, bbox.y0))
+                        * Affine::scale_non_uniform(bbox.width() / iw, bbox.height() / ih);
+                    scene.fill(fill_rule, base_transform, &image_with_alpha, Some(brush_transform), &path);
                     filled = true;
                 }
             }
@@ -1253,7 +1356,12 @@ fn render_vector_layer(
     // Cascade opacity: parent_opacity × layer.opacity
     let layer_opacity = parent_opacity * layer.layer.opacity;
 
-    // Render clip instances first (they appear under shape instances)
+    // Render the layer's own VectorGraph (loose shapes) first, then clip instances
+    // (groups / movie clips) on top. Shape tweens are applied here.
+    if let Some(graph) = layer.tweened_graph_at(time) {
+        render_vector_graph(&graph, scene, base_transform, layer_opacity, document, image_cache);
+    }
+
     for clip_instance in &layer.clip_instances {
         // For groups, compute the visibility end from keyframe data
         let group_end_time = document.vector_clips.get(&clip_instance.clip_id)
@@ -1264,11 +1372,6 @@ fn render_vector_layer(
             });
         render_clip_instance(document, time, clip_instance, layer_opacity, scene, base_transform, &layer.layer.animation_data, image_cache, video_manager, group_end_time);
     }
-
-    // Render VectorGraph from active keyframe
-    if let Some(graph) = layer.graph_at_time(time) {
-        render_vector_graph(graph, scene, base_transform, layer_opacity, document, image_cache);
-    }
 }
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -1486,12 +1589,21 @@ fn render_vector_graph_cpu(
         if let Some(image_asset_id) = fill.image_fill {
             if let Some(asset) = document.get_image_asset(&image_asset_id) {
                 if let Some(img_pixmap) = image_cache.get_or_decode_cpu(asset) {
+                    // Map the image's native pixel space onto the fill's bounding box.
+                    let bbox: kurbo::Rect = vello::kurbo::Shape::bounding_box(&path);
+                    let iw = (asset.width.max(1)) as f32;
+                    let ih = (asset.height.max(1)) as f32;
+                    let sx = (bbox.width() as f32) / iw;
+                    let sy = (bbox.height() as f32) / ih;
+                    let pat_tf = tiny_skia::Transform::from_row(
+                        sx, 0.0, 0.0, sy, bbox.x0 as f32, bbox.y0 as f32,
+                    );
                     let pattern = tiny_skia::Pattern::new(
                         tiny_skia::Pixmap::as_ref(&img_pixmap),
                         tiny_skia::SpreadMode::Pad,
                         tiny_skia::FilterQuality::Bilinear,
                         opacity,
-                        tiny_skia::Transform::identity(),
+                        pat_tf,
                     );
                     let mut paint = tiny_skia::Paint::default();
                     paint.shader = pattern;
@@ -1555,6 +1667,11 @@ fn render_vector_layer_cpu(
 ) {
     let layer_opacity = parent_opacity * layer.layer.opacity;
 
+    // Loose shapes first, then clip instances (groups / movie clips) on top.
+    if let Some(graph) = layer.tweened_graph_at(time) {
+        render_vector_graph_cpu(&graph, pixmap, affine_to_ts(base_transform), layer_opacity as f32, document, image_cache);
+    }
+
     for clip_instance in &layer.clip_instances {
         let group_end_time = document.vector_clips.get(&clip_instance.clip_id)
             .filter(|vc| vc.is_group)
@@ -1567,10 +1684,6 @@ fn render_vector_layer_cpu(
             &layer.layer.animation_data, image_cache, group_end_time,
         );
     }
-
-    if let Some(graph) = layer.graph_at_time(time) {
-        render_vector_graph_cpu(graph, pixmap, affine_to_ts(base_transform), layer_opacity as f32, document, image_cache);
-    }
 }
 
 /// Render a clip instance (and its nested layers) to a CPU pixmap.

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/selection.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@
 
 use crate::vector_graph::{VectorGraph, EdgeId, FillId, VertexId};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use vello::kurbo::{Affine, BezPath};
 
 /// Shape of a raster pixel selection, in canvas pixel coordinates.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -440,42 +439,6 @@ impl Selection {
     }
 }
 
-/// Represents a temporary region-based selection.
-///
-/// When a region select is active, the region boundary is inserted into the
-/// DCEL as invisible edges, splitting existing geometry. Faces inside the
-/// region are added to the normal `Selection`. If the user performs an
-/// operation, the selection is committed; if they deselect, the DCEL is
-/// restored from the snapshot.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct RegionSelection {
-    /// The clipping region as a closed BezPath (polygon or rect)
-    pub region_path: BezPath,
-    /// Layer containing the affected elements
-    pub layer_id: Uuid,
-    /// Keyframe time
-    pub time: f64,
-    /// Snapshot of the graph before region boundary insertion, for revert
-    pub graph_snapshot: VectorGraph,
-    /// The extracted graph containing geometry inside the region
-    pub selected_graph: VectorGraph,
-    /// Transform applied to the selected graph (e.g. from dragging)
-    pub transform: Affine,
-    /// Whether the selection has been committed (via an operation on the selection)
-    pub committed: bool,
-    /// IDs of the invisible edges inserted for the region boundary stroke.
-    /// These exist in the main graph (remainder side). Deleted during merge-back.
-    pub region_edge_ids: Vec<EdgeId>,
-    /// Action epoch recorded when this selection was created.
-    /// Compared against `ActionExecutor::epoch()` on deselect to decide
-    /// whether merge-back is needed or a clean snapshot restore suffices.
-    pub action_epoch_at_selection: u64,
-    /// selected_graph VID → main graph VID for boundary vertices (shared between both graphs).
-    pub boundary_vertex_map: HashMap<VertexId, VertexId>,
-    /// selected_graph boundary EID → main graph boundary EID (duplicated edges to skip on merge).
-    pub boundary_edge_map: HashMap<EdgeId, EdgeId>,
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/vector_graph/mod.rs

@@ -417,6 +417,152 @@ impl VectorGraph {
         self.boundary_to_bezpath(&fill.boundary)
     }
 
+    /// Interpolate toward `other` by `t` ∈ [0,1] for a same-topology shape tween.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the two graphs don't share identical topology — same vertex,
+    /// edge and fill structure (counts, deleted flags, edge endpoints, fill boundaries).
+    /// In that case the caller should hold the source keyframe instead of morphing.
+    /// Vertex positions, edge curves, stroke widths and stroke/fill colours are lerped.
+    pub fn interpolated(&self, other: &VectorGraph, t: f64) -> Option<VectorGraph> {
+        if self.vertices.len() != other.vertices.len()
+            || self.edges.len() != other.edges.len()
+            || self.fills.len() != other.fills.len()
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+        for (a, b) in self.vertices.iter().zip(&other.vertices) {
+            if a.deleted != b.deleted {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        for (a, b) in self.edges.iter().zip(&other.edges) {
+            if a.deleted != b.deleted || a.vertices != b.vertices {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        for (a, b) in self.fills.iter().zip(&other.fills) {
+            if a.deleted != b.deleted || a.boundary != b.boundary {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let lf = |x: f64, y: f64| x + (y - x) * t;
+        let lp = |p: Point, q: Point| Point::new(lf(p.x, q.x), lf(p.y, q.y));
+        let lc = |a: Option<ShapeColor>, b: Option<ShapeColor>| match (a, b) {
+            (Some(a), Some(b)) => {
+                let c = |x: u8, y: u8| (lf(x as f64, y as f64)).round().clamp(0.0, 255.0) as u8;
+                Some(ShapeColor::new(c(a.r, b.r), c(a.g, b.g), c(a.b, b.b), c(a.a, b.a)))
+            }
+            (a, _) => a,
+        };
+
+        let mut g = self.clone();
+        for (i, v) in g.vertices.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            v.position = lp(self.vertices[i].position, other.vertices[i].position);
+        }
+        for (i, e) in g.edges.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            let (a, b) = (self.edges[i].curve, other.edges[i].curve);
+            e.curve = CubicBez::new(lp(a.p0, b.p0), lp(a.p1, b.p1), lp(a.p2, b.p2), lp(a.p3, b.p3));
+            if let (Some(s), Some(sa), Some(sb)) = (
+                e.stroke_style.as_mut(),
+                self.edges[i].stroke_style.as_ref(),
+                other.edges[i].stroke_style.as_ref(),
+            ) {
+                s.width = lf(sa.width, sb.width);
+            }
+            e.stroke_color = lc(self.edges[i].stroke_color, other.edges[i].stroke_color);
+        }
+        for (i, f) in g.fills.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            f.color = lc(self.fills[i].color, other.fills[i].color);
+        }
+        Some(g)
+    }
+
+    /// A point guaranteed to lie inside the fill — for point-in-region classification
+    /// (e.g. deciding whether a fill is inside a lasso). Prefers the polygon area-centroid,
+    /// but for a non-convex fill (e.g. an L-shape, where the area-centroid can fall in the
+    /// concavity *outside* the shape) it steps just inward from a boundary edge instead.
+    /// The naive average of boundary-edge midpoints is NOT reliable here — it can land
+    /// outside a non-convex fill and misclassify it.
+    pub fn fill_interior_point(&self, fill_id: FillId) -> Point {
+        let boundary = self.fills[fill_id.idx()].boundary.clone();
+        self.boundary_interior_point(&boundary)
+    }
+
+    /// A point guaranteed to lie inside the region enclosed by a `(edge, direction)`
+    /// boundary loop. See [`fill_interior_point`].
+    pub fn boundary_interior_point(&self, boundary: &[(EdgeId, Direction)]) -> Point {
+        use kurbo::{ParamCurve, Shape, Vec2};
+        let path = self.boundary_to_bezpath(boundary);
+
+        // Ordered polygon corners: the directed start point of each boundary edge.
+        let mut pts: Vec<Point> = Vec::new();
+        for &(eid, dir) in boundary {
+            if eid.is_none() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let c = self.edges[eid.idx()].curve;
+            pts.push(match dir {
+                Direction::Forward => c.p0,
+                Direction::Backward => c.p3,
+            });
+        }
+        if pts.len() < 3 {
+            if pts.is_empty() {
+                return Point::ZERO;
+            }
+            let (sx, sy) = pts.iter().fold((0.0, 0.0), |(x, y), p| (x + p.x, y + p.y));
+            return Point::new(sx / pts.len() as f64, sy / pts.len() as f64);
+        }
+
+        // Shoelace area-centroid.
+        let (mut a2, mut cx, mut cy) = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+        for i in 0..pts.len() {
+            let p0 = pts[i];
+            let p1 = pts[(i + 1) % pts.len()];
+            let cross = p0.x * p1.y - p1.x * p0.y;
+            a2 += cross;
+            cx += (p0.x + p1.x) * cross;
+            cy += (p0.y + p1.y) * cross;
+        }
+        if a2.abs() > 1e-9 {
+            let c = Point::new(cx / (3.0 * a2), cy / (3.0 * a2));
+            if path.winding(c) != 0 {
+                return c;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Fallback: step a small distance inward from a boundary edge midpoint.
+        let (mut minx, mut miny, mut maxx, mut maxy) = (f64::MAX, f64::MAX, f64::MIN, f64::MIN);
+        for p in &pts {
+            minx = minx.min(p.x);
+            miny = miny.min(p.y);
+            maxx = maxx.max(p.x);
+            maxy = maxy.max(p.y);
+        }
+        let eps = ((maxx - minx).min(maxy - miny) * 1e-3).max(1e-4);
+        for &(eid, _) in boundary {
+            if eid.is_none() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let c = self.edges[eid.idx()].curve;
+            let mid = c.eval(0.5);
+            let tangent = c.eval(0.5001) - c.eval(0.4999);
+            let len = tangent.hypot();
+            if len < 1e-12 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let n = Vec2::new(-tangent.y / len, tangent.x / len);
+            for s in [1.0_f64, -1.0] {
+                let cand = mid + n * (s * eps);
+                if path.winding(cand) != 0 {
+                    return cand;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        pts[0]
+    }
+
     // -------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Vertex editing
     // -------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -653,6 +799,10 @@ impl VectorGraph {
         }
 
         let mut all_new_edges = Vec::new();
+        // Sub-edges produced when a stroke segment splits an existing edge (incl. an earlier
+        // segment of this same stroke). Tracked separately so they reach the fill re-tracer
+        // without polluting the returned edge list.
+        let mut split_products: Vec<EdgeId> = Vec::new();
         let mut prev_end_vertex: Option<VertexId> = None;
 
         for (seg_idx, seg) in expanded_segments.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -706,7 +856,14 @@ impl VectorGraph {
                     let remapped_t = original_edge_t / head_end;
                     let remapped_t = remapped_t.clamp(ENDPOINT_T_MARGIN, 1.0 - ENDPOINT_T_MARGIN);
 
-                    let (mid_v, _sub_a, _sub_b) = self.split_edge(eid, remapped_t);
+                    let (mid_v, sub_a, sub_b) = self.split_edge(eid, remapped_t);
+                    // Track the split products so the fill re-tracer sees them: when a later
+                    // stroke segment crosses an earlier one, these sub-edges are part of the
+                    // stroke's arrangement but would otherwise be invisible to the re-trace.
+                    // (Kept out of `all_new_edges` so the returned edge list stays the stroke's
+                    // own edges only.)
+                    split_products.push(sub_a);
+                    split_products.push(sub_b);
                     // Snap vertex to intersection point
                     self.vertices[mid_v.idx()].position = point;
                     // Merge with nearby existing vertex if within snap distance
@@ -791,127 +948,511 @@ impl VectorGraph {
             prev_end_vertex = Some(end_v);
         }
 
-        // Fill splitting pass: for each new edge, check if both endpoints
+        // Weld dangling stroke endpoints onto a near-coincident existing vertex. A
-        // lie on any fill's boundary — if so, split that fill.
+        // self-intersecting freehand stroke can create an intersection vertex a fraction of
-        let edges_to_check = all_new_edges.clone();
+        // a pixel away from a segment endpoint that should be the same point; if they don't
-        for &eid in &edges_to_check {
+        // merge, the stroke's loop is broken by a degree-1 stub and the cut is lost.
-            let v0 = self.edges[eid.idx()].vertices[0];
+        self.weld_dangling_endpoints(&all_new_edges, snap_epsilon.max(1.0));
-            let v1 = self.edges[eid.idx()].vertices[1];
 
-            // Find fills where both v0 and v1 appear as boundary vertices
+        // Coincident-edge cleanup: a new edge that lands exactly on an existing edge
-            let fill_ids: Vec<FillId> = self.fills
+        // between the same two vertices (e.g. drawing a shape whose edge snaps onto an
-                .iter()
+        // existing one) must not be duplicated — duplicates produce zero-area "sliver"
-                .enumerate()
+        // fills. Merge such duplicates before splitting/filling.
-                .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+        self.dedupe_coincident_new_edges(&all_new_edges);
-                .filter(|(_, f)| {
-                    let has_v0 = f.boundary.iter().any(|&(be, _)| {
-                        let e = &self.edges[be.idx()];
-                        e.vertices[0] == v0 || e.vertices[1] == v0
-                    });
-                    let has_v1 = f.boundary.iter().any(|&(be, _)| {
-                        let e = &self.edges[be.idx()];
-                        e.vertices[0] == v1 || e.vertices[1] == v1
-                    });
-                    has_v0 && has_v1
-                })
-                .map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
-                .collect();
 
-            for fid in fill_ids {
+        // Re-derive the fills touched by the new edges. Rather than incrementally splitting
-                self.split_fill_by_edge(fid, eid);
+        // along single cut edges (which can't handle a lasso whose path is interrupted by a
-            }
+        // hole/notch in a non-convex fill), we re-trace the planar faces of the affected
-        }
+        // sub-arrangement and rebuild the fills from them. This is robust for arbitrary
+        // holed/concave fills (e.g. cutting across geometry left behind by a prior group).
+        // Include split products so a self-crossing stroke's full arrangement is seen.
+        let mut retrace_edges = all_new_edges.clone();
+        retrace_edges.extend(split_products);
+        self.retrace_fills_after_cut(&retrace_edges);
+
+        // Drop any zero-area fills (e.g. slivers left between coincident edges).
+        self.remove_degenerate_fills();
 
         all_new_edges
     }
 
-    /// When a new edge splits a fill (both endpoints on the fill's boundary),
+    /// Merge edges from the latest stroke that are geometrically coincident with an
-    /// split the fill into two fills.
+    /// existing edge between the same two vertices (drawing a shape whose edge lands exactly
-    pub fn split_fill_by_edge(
+    /// on an existing edge). Keeps the existing edge, redirects fill references, and frees
-        &mut self,
+    /// the duplicate — preventing zero-area "sliver" fills between the two copies.
-        fill_id: FillId,
+    /// Weld degree-1 endpoints of freshly inserted edges onto a near-coincident existing
-        splitting_edge: EdgeId,
+    /// vertex. A self-intersecting freehand stroke can create an intersection vertex a
-    ) -> Option<(FillId, FillId)> {
+    /// fraction of a pixel from a segment endpoint that should be the same point; if they
-        let fill = &self.fills[fill_id.idx()];
+    /// don't merge, the stroke's loop is broken by a degree-1 stub and the cut is lost.
-        if fill.deleted {
+    fn weld_dangling_endpoints(&mut self, new_edges: &[EdgeId], eps: f64) {
-            return None;
+        // Repeatedly weld the closest dangling new endpoint to its nearest neighbour.
+        loop {
+            let mut to_merge: Option<(VertexId, VertexId)> = None; // (keep, merge)
+            'scan: for &e in new_edges {
+                if self.edges[e.idx()].deleted {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for &v in &self.edges[e.idx()].vertices {
+                    if self.vertices[v.idx()].deleted || self.edges_at_vertex(v).len() != 1 {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let pv = self.vertices[v.idx()].position;
+                    let mut best: Option<(f64, VertexId)> = None;
+                    for ui in 0..self.vertices.len() {
+                        if ui == v.idx() || self.vertices[ui].deleted {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        let pu = self.vertices[ui].position;
+                        let d = (pu.x - pv.x).hypot(pu.y - pv.y);
+                        if d < eps && best.map_or(true, |(bd, _)| d < bd) {
+                            best = Some((d, VertexId(ui as u32)));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if let Some((_, keep)) = best {
+                        to_merge = Some((keep, v));
+                        break 'scan;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            match to_merge {
+                Some((keep, merge)) => self.merge_vertices(keep, merge),
+                None => break,
+            }
+        }
+        // Drop any edges that collapsed to zero length (both endpoints welded together).
+        let degenerate: Vec<EdgeId> = self
+            .edges
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter(|(_, e)| !e.deleted && e.vertices[0] == e.vertices[1])
+            .map(|(i, _)| EdgeId(i as u32))
+            .collect();
+        for e in degenerate {
+            for fill in &mut self.fills {
+                if !fill.deleted {
+                    fill.boundary.retain(|&(fe, _)| fe != e);
+                }
+            }
+            self.free_edge(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn dedupe_coincident_new_edges(&mut self, new_edges: &[EdgeId]) {
+        for &ne in new_edges {
+            if self.edges[ne.idx()].deleted {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let va = self.edges[ne.idx()].vertices[0];
+            let vb = self.edges[ne.idx()].vertices[1];
+            let candidates: Vec<EdgeId> = self
+                .edges_at_vertex(va)
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|&e| e != ne && !self.edges[e.idx()].deleted)
+                .filter(|&e| {
+                    let v = self.edges[e.idx()].vertices;
+                    (v[0] == va && v[1] == vb) || (v[0] == vb && v[1] == va)
+                })
+                .collect();
+            for c in candidates {
+                if self.edges[c.idx()].deleted {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if self.curves_coincident(ne, c) {
+                    self.redirect_edge_in_fills(ne, c);
+                    self.free_edge(ne);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether two edges (already known to share both endpoints) trace the same path.
+    /// Coincident duplicates in practice are straight collinear segments (a shape edge
+    /// snapping onto an existing edge), so we treat "both are straight lines between the
+    /// same endpoints" as coincident. Comparing curve `eval(t)` directly is unreliable —
+    /// split sub-edges are non-uniformly parameterised, so equal `t` ≠ equal point.
+    fn curves_coincident(&self, a: EdgeId, b: EdgeId) -> bool {
+        let is_straight = |c: kurbo::CubicBez| {
+            let chord = c.p3 - c.p0;
+            let len = chord.hypot();
+            if len < 1e-9 {
+                return true; // zero-length chord — degenerate, treat as coincident
+            }
+            // Perpendicular distance of each control point from the p0→p3 chord.
+            let dist = |p: Point| ((p - c.p0).cross(chord)).abs() / len;
+            dist(c.p1) < 1e-2 && dist(c.p2) < 1e-2
+        };
+        is_straight(self.edges[a.idx()].curve) && is_straight(self.edges[b.idx()].curve)
+    }
+
+    /// Replace every `from` boundary reference with `to`, preserving traversal direction.
+    fn redirect_edge_in_fills(&mut self, from: EdgeId, to: EdgeId) {
+        let f = self.edges[from.idx()].vertices;
+        let t = self.edges[to.idx()].vertices;
+        let same_dir = t[0] == f[0] && t[1] == f[1];
+        for fill in &mut self.fills {
+            if fill.deleted {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for entry in &mut fill.boundary {
+                if entry.0 == from {
+                    entry.1 = match (entry.1, same_dir) {
+                        (Direction::Forward, true) | (Direction::Backward, false) => {
+                            Direction::Forward
+                        }
+                        (Direction::Backward, true) | (Direction::Forward, false) => {
+                            Direction::Backward
+                        }
+                    };
+                    entry.0 = to;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Drop fills that enclose ~zero area (degenerate slivers from coincident edges).
+    fn remove_degenerate_fills(&mut self) {
+        for i in 0..self.fills.len() {
+            if self.fills[i].deleted {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut pts: Vec<Point> = Vec::new();
+            for &(eid, dir) in &self.fills[i].boundary {
+                if eid.is_none() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let c = self.edges[eid.idx()].curve;
+                pts.push(match dir {
+                    Direction::Forward => c.p0,
+                    Direction::Backward => c.p3,
+                });
+            }
+            let area = if pts.len() < 3 {
+                0.0
+            } else {
+                let mut a2 = 0.0;
+                for k in 0..pts.len() {
+                    let p0 = pts[k];
+                    let p1 = pts[(k + 1) % pts.len()];
+                    a2 += p0.x * p1.y - p1.x * p0.y;
+                }
+                (a2 * 0.5).abs()
+            };
+            if area < 1e-6 {
+                self.fills[i].deleted = true;
+                self.free_fills.push(i as u32);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Directed end vertex of a `(edge, direction)` boundary entry.
+    #[inline]
+    fn entry_end_vertex(&self, eid: EdgeId, dir: Direction) -> VertexId {
+        match dir {
+            Direction::Forward => self.edges[eid.idx()].vertices[1],
+            Direction::Backward => self.edges[eid.idx()].vertices[0],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Re-derive the fills touched by a freshly inserted stroke by re-tracing the planar
+    /// faces of the affected sub-arrangement. This replaces incremental "split a fill by a
+    /// cut edge" logic, which can't handle a cut whose path is interrupted by a hole/notch
+    /// in a non-convex fill. Each affected fill is deleted and rebuilt from the traced
+    /// faces that lie inside it (inheriting its colour/rule); faces outside it — or in a
+    /// hole — are dropped.
+    fn retrace_fills_after_cut(&mut self, new_edges: &[EdgeId]) {
+        use kurbo::Shape;
+        let new_set: HashSet<EdgeId> = new_edges
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|&&e| !e.is_none() && !self.edges[e.idx()].deleted)
+            .copied()
+            .collect();
+        if new_set.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let new_verts: HashSet<VertexId> =
+            new_set.iter().flat_map(|&e| self.edges[e.idx()].vertices).collect();
+
+        // Affected fills: any non-deleted fill that shares a vertex with a new edge.
+        let affected: Vec<FillId> = (0..self.fills.len())
+            .filter(|&i| !self.fills[i].deleted)
+            .filter(|&i| {
+                self.fills[i].boundary.iter().any(|&(e, _)| {
+                    !e.is_none()
+                        && self.edges[e.idx()].vertices.iter().any(|v| new_verts.contains(v))
+                })
+            })
+            .map(|i| FillId(i as u32))
+            .collect();
+        if affected.is_empty() {
+            return;
         }
 
-        let split_v0 = self.edges[splitting_edge.idx()].vertices[0];
+        // Snapshot each affected fill's path + attributes before we delete them.
-        let split_v1 = self.edges[splitting_edge.idx()].vertices[1];
+        let originals: Vec<(kurbo::BezPath, Option<ShapeColor>, FillRule)> = affected
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&f| {
+                (
+                    self.fill_to_bezpath(f),
+                    self.fills[f.idx()].color,
+                    self.fills[f.idx()].fill_rule,
+                )
+            })
+            .collect();
 
-        // Find the positions in the boundary where the splitting edge's
+        // Edge set for the local arrangement: every affected fill's boundary edges plus the
-        // endpoint vertices appear as the "arrival" vertex of a directed edge.
+        // ENTIRE inserted stroke. We include the whole stroke (not just the segments whose
-        let boundary = fill.boundary.clone();
+        // midpoint is inside a fill) because a wiggly freehand lasso has segments that dip
+        // just outside the fill; excluding them would break the inside-arc chain into
+        // dangling fragments that then get pruned away, losing the cut entirely. The stroke
+        // forms closed loops, so it contributes no dangling edges; faces that end up outside
+        // every affected fill are discarded by the classification below.
+        let mut edge_set: HashSet<EdgeId> = HashSet::new();
+        for &f in &affected {
+            for &(e, _) in &self.fills[f.idx()].boundary {
+                if !e.is_none() && !self.edges[e.idx()].deleted {
+                    edge_set.insert(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        edge_set.extend(new_set.iter().copied());
 
-        // Helper: get the "end" vertex of a directed boundary edge
+        // Expand to the induced subgraph on the covered vertices. A self-intersecting
-        let end_vertex = |eid: EdgeId, dir: Direction| -> VertexId {
+        // freehand stroke splits its own edges via `split_edge`, whose sub-edges aren't in
-            match dir {
+        // `new_edges`; without them the local arrangement has gaps and the stroke's loop
-                Direction::Forward => self.edges[eid.idx()].vertices[1],
+        // looks like dangling fragments. Adding every edge whose endpoints are both already
-                Direction::Backward => self.edges[eid.idx()].vertices[0],
+        // covered closes those gaps (the sub-edges connect already-covered stroke vertices).
+        loop {
+            let verts: HashSet<VertexId> = edge_set
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|&e| self.edges[e.idx()].vertices)
+                .collect();
+            let added: Vec<EdgeId> = (0..self.edges.len())
+                .map(|i| EdgeId(i as u32))
+                .filter(|&e| !self.edges[e.idx()].deleted && !edge_set.contains(&e))
+                .filter(|&e| {
+                    let [a, b] = self.edges[e.idx()].vertices;
+                    verts.contains(&a) && verts.contains(&b)
+                })
+                .collect();
+            if added.is_empty() {
+                break;
+            }
+            edge_set.extend(added);
+        }
+
+        // Prune dangling edges (a vertex with degree < 2 in the local arrangement). They
+        // form spikes, never real face boundaries — a freehand lasso that wiggles or nearly
+        // self-touches leaves such stubs, and tracing them produces a face that runs out and
+        // back along the same edge (a degenerate self-touching boundary). Iterate, since
+        // removing one stub can expose another.
+        loop {
+            let mut degree: HashMap<VertexId, usize> = HashMap::new();
+            for &e in &edge_set {
+                for &v in &self.edges[e.idx()].vertices {
+                    *degree.entry(v).or_default() += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            let dangling: Vec<EdgeId> = edge_set
+                .iter()
+                .copied()
+                .filter(|&e| {
+                    let [a, b] = self.edges[e.idx()].vertices;
+                    a == b || degree[&a] < 2 || degree[&b] < 2
+                })
+                .collect();
+            if dangling.is_empty() {
+                break;
+            }
+            for e in dangling {
+                edge_set.remove(&e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let faces = self.trace_faces(&edge_set);
+
+        // Replace the affected fills with the re-traced bounded faces that fall inside them.
+        for &f in &affected {
+            self.fills[f.idx()].deleted = true;
+            self.free_fills.push(f.0);
+        }
+        for mut face in faces {
+            // Collapse degenerate "spikes" — a sequence that runs out to a point and back
+            // (e.g. across near-coincident duplicate tiny edges from a dense freehand path).
+            self.collapse_boundary_spikes(&mut face);
+            if face.len() < 3 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Only bounded (counter-clockwise, positive-area) faces are real regions; the
+            // outer face is clockwise/negative.
+            if self.face_signed_area(&face) <= 1e-6 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let sample = self.boundary_interior_point(&face);
+            if let Some((_, color, rule)) =
+                originals.iter().find(|(p, _, _)| p.winding(sample) != 0)
+            {
+                self.alloc_fill(face, *color, *rule);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Remove out-and-back "spikes" from a face boundary: consecutive entries where the
+    /// second exactly reverses the first (the boundary returns to where it started, e.g.
+    /// bouncing across near-coincident duplicate edges). These are zero-area and would make
+    /// `boundary_to_bezpath` render a stray hair; collapsing them yields a simple loop.
+    fn collapse_boundary_spikes(&self, face: &mut Vec<(EdgeId, Direction)>) {
+        let dstart = |entry: &(EdgeId, Direction)| -> Point {
+            let c = self.edges[entry.0.idx()].curve;
+            match entry.1 {
+                Direction::Forward => c.p0,
+                Direction::Backward => c.p3,
             }
         };
-
+        let dend = |entry: &(EdgeId, Direction)| -> Point {
-        // Find positions where boundary edges arrive at split_v0 and split_v1
+            let c = self.edges[entry.0.idx()].curve;
-        let mut pos_v0: Option<usize> = None;
+            match entry.1 {
-        let mut pos_v1: Option<usize> = None;
+                Direction::Forward => c.p3,
-
+                Direction::Backward => c.p0,
-        for (i, &(eid, dir)) in boundary.iter().enumerate() {
-            let ev = end_vertex(eid, dir);
-            if ev == split_v0 && pos_v0.is_none() {
-                pos_v0 = Some(i);
             }
-            if ev == split_v1 && pos_v1.is_none() {
+        };
-                pos_v1 = Some(i);
+        const EPS: f64 = 0.5;
-            }
-        }
-
-        let pos_v0 = pos_v0?;
-        let pos_v1 = pos_v1?;
-
-        // Ensure we have two distinct positions
-        if pos_v0 == pos_v1 {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        // Walk boundary in two halves:
-        // Half A: from pos_v0+1 to pos_v1 (inclusive), then splitting_edge Forward
-        // Half B: from pos_v1+1 to pos_v0 (wrapping), then splitting_edge Backward
-        let n = boundary.len();
-        let color = fill.color;
-        let fill_rule = fill.fill_rule;
-
-        let mut half_a = Vec::new();
-        let mut idx = (pos_v0 + 1) % n;
         loop {
-            half_a.push(boundary[idx]);
+            let n = face.len();
-            if idx == pos_v1 {
+            if n < 2 {
                 break;
             }
-            idx = (idx + 1) % n;
+            let mut collapsed = false;
-        }
+            for i in 0..n {
-        half_a.push((splitting_edge, Direction::Forward));
+                let j = (i + 1) % n;
-
+                // entries i and j cancel when j ends back at i's start.
-        let mut half_b = Vec::new();
+                let si = dstart(&face[i]);
-        idx = (pos_v1 + 1) % n;
+                let ej = dend(&face[j]);
-        loop {
+                if (si.x - ej.x).hypot(si.y - ej.y) < EPS {
-            half_b.push(boundary[idx]);
+                    let (hi, lo) = if i > j { (i, j) } else { (j, i) };
-            if idx == pos_v0 {
+                    face.remove(hi);
+                    face.remove(lo);
+                    collapsed = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if !collapsed {
                 break;
             }
-            idx = (idx + 1) % n;
         }
-        half_b.push((splitting_edge, Direction::Backward));
+    }
 
-        // Delete the original fill
+    /// Trace all faces of the planar arrangement formed by `edge_set`, using the standard
-        self.fills[fill_id.idx()].deleted = true;
+    /// angular next-edge rule (turn to the clockwise-adjacent dart of the twin at each
-        self.free_fills.push(fill_id.0);
+    /// vertex). Returns each face as an ordered `(edge, direction)` loop. Bounded faces
+    /// come out counter-clockwise (positive signed area); the outer face clockwise.
+    fn trace_faces(&self, edge_set: &HashSet<EdgeId>) -> Vec<Vec<(EdgeId, Direction)>> {
+        // Outgoing darts per vertex, sorted by outgoing angle (CCW).
+        let mut out: HashMap<VertexId, Vec<(f64, (EdgeId, Direction))>> = HashMap::new();
+        for &e in edge_set {
+            if self.edges[e.idx()].deleted {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let [a, b] = self.edges[e.idx()].vertices;
+            out.entry(a)
+                .or_default()
+                .push((self.dart_angle(e, Direction::Forward), (e, Direction::Forward)));
+            out.entry(b)
+                .or_default()
+                .push((self.dart_angle(e, Direction::Backward), (e, Direction::Backward)));
+        }
+        for darts in out.values_mut() {
+            darts.sort_by(|x, y| x.0.partial_cmp(&y.0).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal));
+        }
 
-        // Create two new fills
+        let mut visited: HashSet<(EdgeId, Direction)> = HashSet::new();
-        let fill_a = self.alloc_fill(half_a, color, fill_rule);
+        let mut faces: Vec<Vec<(EdgeId, Direction)>> = Vec::new();
-        let fill_b = self.alloc_fill(half_b, color, fill_rule);
+        let cap = edge_set.len() * 2 + 4;
+        for &e in edge_set {
+            if self.edges[e.idx()].deleted {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for dir in [Direction::Forward, Direction::Backward] {
+                let start = (e, dir);
+                if visited.contains(&start) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let mut face: Vec<(EdgeId, Direction)> = Vec::new();
+                let mut d = start;
+                loop {
+                    visited.insert(d);
+                    face.push(d);
+                    // Next dart: at the end vertex, the dart clockwise-adjacent to the twin.
+                    let end_v = self.entry_end_vertex(d.0, d.1);
+                    let twin = (
+                        d.0,
+                        match d.1 {
+                            Direction::Forward => Direction::Backward,
+                            Direction::Backward => Direction::Forward,
+                        },
+                    );
+                    let darts = match out.get(&end_v) {
+                        Some(d) => d,
+                        None => break,
+                    };
+                    let Some(idx) = darts.iter().position(|&(_, dd)| dd == twin) else {
+                        break;
+                    };
+                    let next = darts[(idx + darts.len() - 1) % darts.len()].1;
+                    if next == start {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if visited.contains(&next) || face.len() > cap {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    d = next;
+                }
+                if face.len() >= 3 {
+                    faces.push(face);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        faces
+    }
 
-        Some((fill_a, fill_b))
+    /// Outgoing direction angle of a dart at its start vertex.
+    fn dart_angle(&self, e: EdgeId, dir: Direction) -> f64 {
+        let c = self.edges[e.idx()].curve;
+        let (base, cands) = match dir {
+            Direction::Forward => (c.p0, [c.p1, c.p2, c.p3]),
+            Direction::Backward => (c.p3, [c.p2, c.p1, c.p0]),
+        };
+        for cand in cands {
+            let d = cand - base;
+            if d.hypot() > 1e-9 {
+                return d.y.atan2(d.x);
+            }
+        }
+        0.0
+    }
+
+    /// Signed area of a face given as an ordered `(edge, direction)` loop (CCW positive).
+    fn face_signed_area(&self, face: &[(EdgeId, Direction)]) -> f64 {
+        let pts: Vec<Point> = face
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&(e, dir)| {
+                let c = self.edges[e.idx()].curve;
+                match dir {
+                    Direction::Forward => c.p0,
+                    Direction::Backward => c.p3,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        if pts.len() < 3 {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        let mut a2 = 0.0;
+        for i in 0..pts.len() {
+            let p0 = pts[i];
+            let p1 = pts[(i + 1) % pts.len()];
+            a2 += p0.x * p1.y - p1.x * p0.y;
+        }
+        a2 * 0.5
     }
 
     /// Merge two fills that share a boundary edge (e.g., after edge deletion).
@@ -1101,21 +1642,6 @@ impl VectorGraph {
     // Boundary tracing internals
     // -------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    /// Find the nearest non-deleted edge to a point. Returns (EdgeId, t, distance).
-    fn nearest_edge_to_point(&self, point: Point) -> Option<(EdgeId, f64, f64)> {
-        let mut best: Option<(EdgeId, f64, f64)> = None;
-        for (i, e) in self.edges.iter().enumerate() {
-            if e.deleted {
-                continue;
-            }
-            let eid = EdgeId(i as u32);
-            let (t, dist) = nearest_point_on_cubic(&e.curve, point);
-            if best.is_none() || dist < best.unwrap().2 {
-                best = Some((eid, t, dist));
-            }
-        }
-        best
-    }
 
     /// Build a BezPath from a boundary (without storing it as a fill).
     /// Handles `EdgeId::NONE` separators to start new contours (holes).
@@ -1458,11 +1984,14 @@ impl VectorGraph {
 
     // ── Region selection: extract / merge subgraph ──────────────────────
 
-    /// Extract a subgraph containing `inside_edges` and `inside_fills`.
+    /// Extract a subgraph containing `inside_edges` and `inside_fills` (typically a
+    /// geometry selection — `select_fill` already includes each fill's boundary edges).
     ///
-    /// Boundary edges (`boundary_edge_ids`) are **duplicated** — they exist in
+    /// **Boundary edges** are *duplicated* (copied into the returned graph but kept in
-    /// both the returned graph and `self`, so both sides have closed fill
+    /// `self`, so remaining shapes keep closed boundaries). They are `explicit_boundary`
-    /// boundaries when the selection is moved.
+    /// (a cut the caller knows about, e.g. a lasso region — pass an empty set if none)
+    /// UNION any inside edge still shared with a non-extracted fill (derived here, so a
+    /// plain geometry selection needs no boundary analysis from the caller).
     ///
     /// Returns `(new_graph, vertex_map, edge_map)` where the maps go from
     /// old (self) IDs to new (returned graph) IDs.
@@ -1470,17 +1999,58 @@ impl VectorGraph {
         &mut self,
         inside_edges: &HashSet<EdgeId>,
         inside_fills: &HashSet<FillId>,
-        boundary_edge_ids: &HashSet<EdgeId>,
+        explicit_boundary: &HashSet<EdgeId>,
     ) -> (VectorGraph, HashMap<VertexId, VertexId>, HashMap<EdgeId, EdgeId>) {
         let mut new_graph = VectorGraph::new();
         let mut vtx_map: HashMap<VertexId, VertexId> = HashMap::new();
         let mut edge_map: HashMap<EdgeId, EdgeId> = HashMap::new();
 
-        // Collect all edge IDs we need to copy into the new graph
+        // Augment the inside set with every boundary edge of an extracted fill. A
-        let edges_to_copy: HashSet<EdgeId> = inside_edges
+        // selection might not enumerate them all (e.g. lasso/region selection populates
-            .union(boundary_edge_ids)
+        // edges differently than `select_fill`); without this an extracted fill would be
-            .copied()
+        // copied with `EdgeId::NONE` standing in for a missing edge, and that NONE later
-            .collect();
+        // panics any code that indexes `fill.boundary` (e.g. `insert_stroke`).
+        let inside_edges: HashSet<EdgeId> = {
+            let mut s = inside_edges.clone();
+            for &fid in inside_fills {
+                if fid.is_none() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if let Some(fill) = self.fills.get(fid.idx()) {
+                    if fill.deleted {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    for &(eid, _) in &fill.boundary {
+                        if !eid.is_none() {
+                            s.insert(eid);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            s
+        };
+        let inside_edges = &inside_edges;
+
+        // Boundary = `explicit_boundary` (e.g. a region/lasso cut the caller knows about)
+        // UNION any inside edge still referenced by a fill we're NOT extracting (a shared
+        // DCEL edge — must be duplicated, not moved, or that fill dangles). Deriving the
+        // latter here means a plain geometry selection needs no boundary analysis.
+        let mut boundary_edge_ids: HashSet<EdgeId> = explicit_boundary.clone();
+        for (i, fill) in self.fills.iter().enumerate() {
+            if fill.deleted || inside_fills.contains(&FillId(i as u32)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for &(eid, _) in &fill.boundary {
+                if !eid.is_none() && inside_edges.contains(&eid) {
+                    boundary_edge_ids.insert(eid);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let boundary_edge_ids = &boundary_edge_ids;
+
+        // Copy all inside edges + any boundary edges (the explicit ones may not be in
+        // inside_edges); boundary edges are kept in self below.
+        let edges_to_copy: HashSet<EdgeId> = inside_edges.union(boundary_edge_ids).copied().collect();
 
         // Collect all vertices referenced by edges we're copying
         let mut referenced_vids: HashSet<VertexId> = HashSet::new();
@@ -1493,16 +2063,21 @@ impl VectorGraph {
             }
         }
 
-        // Determine which vertices are interior (exclusively owned by the
+        // Determine which vertices are safe to free from `self`. A vertex can only be
-        // extracted subgraph) vs boundary (shared with remaining geometry).
+        // freed if EVERY one of its incident edges is actually being removed from `self`,
-        // A vertex is interior if ALL of its incident edges are either in
+        // i.e. is an inside edge that is NOT a boundary edge. Boundary edges are kept
-        // inside_edges or boundary_edge_ids.
+        // (duplicated) in `self`, so a vertex touching one is still referenced and must
+        // remain — otherwise it becomes a freed-but-referenced vertex whose slot a later
+        // `alloc_vertex` reuses, corrupting the remaining fill.
         let mut interior_vertices: HashSet<VertexId> = HashSet::new();
         let mut boundary_vertices: HashSet<VertexId> = HashSet::new();
         for &vid in &referenced_vids {
             let incident = self.edges_at_vertex(vid);
-            let all_inside = incident.iter().all(|&eid| edges_to_copy.contains(&eid));
+            let all_removed = !incident.is_empty()
-            if all_inside {
+                && incident
+                    .iter()
+                    .all(|&eid| inside_edges.contains(&eid) && !boundary_edge_ids.contains(&eid));
+            if all_removed {
                 interior_vertices.insert(vid);
             } else {
                 boundary_vertices.insert(vid);
@@ -1566,9 +2141,10 @@ impl VectorGraph {
             new_graph.fills[new_fid.idx()].image_fill = fill.image_fill;
         }
 
-        // Remove inside_edges from self (but NOT boundary edges — those are duplicated)
+        // Remove inside_edges from self, EXCEPT boundary edges (those are duplicated —
+        // a non-extracted fill still needs them).
         for &eid in inside_edges {
-            if !eid.is_none() && !self.edges[eid.idx()].deleted {
+            if !eid.is_none() && !boundary_edge_ids.contains(&eid) && !self.edges[eid.idx()].deleted {
                 self.free_edge(eid);
             }
         }

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/vector_graph/tests/mod.rs

@@ -10,3 +10,7 @@ mod editing;
 mod gap_close;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod region;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod region_cut_select;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tween;

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/vector_graph/tests/region_cut_select.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,660 @@
+//! Reproduces the unified region-select behaviour at the graph level: cutting a shape
+//! along a lasso outline (`insert_stroke`) and classifying which resulting fills/edges
+//! fall inside the lasso — the same logic the editor's `execute_region_select` runs.
+//!
+//! The shape is built exactly as the editor builds a rectangle: `insert_stroke` of a
+//! closed rect loop, then `paint_bucket` to create the fill (NOT a hand-rolled
+//! `alloc_fill`), because the bug is in how that traced fill's boundary survives being
+//! split by the lasso cut.
+
+use super::super::*;
+use kurbo::{BezPath, CubicBez, ParamCurve, Point, Shape};
+
+/// Straight-line cubic from a to b.
+fn line(a: Point, b: Point) -> CubicBez {
+    CubicBez::new(
+        a,
+        Point::new(a.x + (b.x - a.x) / 3.0, a.y + (b.y - a.y) / 3.0),
+        Point::new(a.x + 2.0 * (b.x - a.x) / 3.0, a.y + 2.0 * (b.y - a.y) / 3.0),
+        b,
+    )
+}
+
+fn closed_rect_path(min_x: f64, min_y: f64, max_x: f64, max_y: f64) -> BezPath {
+    let mut p = BezPath::new();
+    p.move_to((min_x, min_y));
+    p.line_to((max_x, min_y));
+    p.line_to((max_x, max_y));
+    p.line_to((min_x, max_y));
+    p.close_path();
+    p
+}
+
+/// Draw a filled rectangle into an existing graph the way the editor's rectangle tool does.
+fn draw_filled_rect(g: &mut VectorGraph, min_x: f64, min_y: f64, max_x: f64, max_y: f64) {
+    let style = StrokeStyle { width: 1.0, ..Default::default() };
+    let color = ShapeColor::rgb(0, 0, 0);
+    for segs in bezpath_to_cubic_segments(&closed_rect_path(min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y)) {
+        g.insert_stroke(&segs, Some(style.clone()), Some(color), 0.5);
+    }
+    let centroid = Point::new((min_x + max_x) / 2.0, (min_y + max_y) / 2.0);
+    g.paint_bucket(centroid, ShapeColor::rgb(255, 0, 0), FillRule::NonZero, 0.0)
+        .expect("paint_bucket should create a fill");
+}
+
+/// Build a filled rectangle the way the editor's rectangle tool does.
+fn editor_filled_rect(min_x: f64, min_y: f64, max_x: f64, max_y: f64) -> VectorGraph {
+    let mut g = VectorGraph::new();
+    draw_filled_rect(&mut g, min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y);
+    g
+}
+
+/// Closed rectangular lasso: cubic segments (for insert_stroke) + BezPath (for winding).
+fn rect_lasso(min_x: f64, min_y: f64, max_x: f64, max_y: f64) -> (Vec<CubicBez>, BezPath) {
+    let p = [
+        Point::new(min_x, min_y),
+        Point::new(max_x, min_y),
+        Point::new(max_x, max_y),
+        Point::new(min_x, max_y),
+    ];
+    let segs = vec![line(p[0], p[1]), line(p[1], p[2]), line(p[2], p[3]), line(p[3], p[0])];
+    let mut path = BezPath::new();
+    path.move_to(p[0]);
+    for pt in &p[1..] {
+        path.line_to(*pt);
+    }
+    path.close_path();
+    (segs, path)
+}
+
+// Classify-against-lasso uses the same guaranteed-interior probe point the editor uses.
+fn fill_centroid(g: &VectorGraph, fid: FillId) -> Point {
+    g.fill_interior_point(fid)
+}
+
+/// Directed start/end points of a boundary entry.
+fn dir_start(g: &VectorGraph, eid: EdgeId, dir: Direction) -> Point {
+    let c = g.edge(eid).curve;
+    match dir {
+        Direction::Forward => c.p0,
+        Direction::Backward => c.p3,
+    }
+}
+fn dir_end(g: &VectorGraph, eid: EdgeId, dir: Direction) -> Point {
+    let c = g.edge(eid).curve;
+    match dir {
+        Direction::Forward => c.p3,
+        Direction::Backward => c.p0,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Describe a fill's boundary as an ordered list of (start → end) segments for diagnostics.
+fn describe_boundary(g: &VectorGraph, fid: FillId) -> Vec<(EdgeId, Point, Point)> {
+    g.fill(fid)
+        .boundary
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(e, _)| !e.is_none())
+        .map(|&(e, d)| (e, dir_start(g, e, d), dir_end(g, e, d)))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Assert no fill boundary uses the same edge twice (the signature of a degenerate
+/// "spike" where the trace runs out and back along a dangling edge).
+fn assert_no_spikes(g: &VectorGraph) {
+    for (fi, f) in g.fills.iter().enumerate() {
+        if f.deleted { continue; }
+        let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for &(e, _) in &f.boundary {
+            if e.is_none() { continue; }
+            assert!(seen.insert(e.0), "fill {fi} uses edge {} twice (spike)", e.0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Assert every non-deleted fill's boundary is a connected closed loop.
+fn assert_all_fills_connected(g: &VectorGraph) {
+    for (i, f) in g.fills.iter().enumerate() {
+        if f.deleted {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let fid = FillId(i as u32);
+        let b = describe_boundary(g, fid);
+        if b.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let n = b.len();
+        for k in 0..n {
+            let (_, _, end) = b[k];
+            let (_, next_start, _) = b[(k + 1) % n];
+            // Tolerance well below any real gap (pixels) but above accumulated float drift.
+            assert!(
+                (end.x - next_start.x).abs() < 1e-2 && (end.y - next_start.y).abs() < 1e-2,
+                "fill {i} boundary disconnected between edge {k} (ends {end:?}) and \
+                 edge {} (starts {next_start:?}); boundary = {b:#?}",
+                (k + 1) % n
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_vertical_cut_produces_two_connected_fills() {
+    // Rectangle (0,0)-(200,100), one vertical cut at x=100.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 100.0);
+    let cut = vec![line(Point::new(100.0, -10.0), Point::new(100.0, 110.0))];
+    g.insert_stroke(&cut, None, None, 1.0);
+
+    let live = g.fills.iter().filter(|f| !f.deleted).count();
+    assert_eq!(live, 2, "one cut should split the rect into 2 fills, got {live}");
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lasso_over_second_of_two_rects_splits_that_rect() {
+    // Two separate rectangles; lasso a vertical strip over the SECOND one.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 100.0);
+    draw_filled_rect(&mut g, 0.0, 150.0, 200.0, 250.0);
+    assert_eq!(g.fills.iter().filter(|f| !f.deleted).count(), 2, "two rects → two fills");
+
+    let (segs, lasso_path) = rect_lasso(50.0, 120.0, 150.0, 300.0); // crosses rect B only
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+
+    // Rect B should now be split into 3 fills (left/middle/right strips); rect A is untouched.
+    // So 1 (rect A) + 3 (rect B pieces) = 4 fills total.
+    let live = g.fills.iter().filter(|f| !f.deleted).count();
+    let inside_fills: Vec<FillId> = g
+        .fills
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+        .map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
+        .filter(|&fid| lasso_path.winding(fill_centroid(&g, fid)) != 0)
+        .collect();
+
+    let dump = || {
+        g.fills
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+            .map(|(i, _)| (i, fill_centroid(&g, FillId(i as u32))))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(live, 4, "rect B should split into 3 (total 4 fills); got {live}: {:#?}", dump());
+    assert_eq!(
+        inside_fills.len(),
+        1,
+        "exactly the center strip of rect B should be inside; got {:#?}",
+        dump()
+    );
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lasso_strip_through_side_by_side_second_rect() {
+    // Two rectangles side by side; lasso a vertical strip through the SECOND (right) one.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0);
+    draw_filled_rect(&mut g, 150.0, 0.0, 250.0, 100.0);
+
+    let (segs, lasso_path) = rect_lasso(180.0, -50.0, 220.0, 150.0);
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+
+    let inside: Vec<FillId> = g.fills.iter().enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted).map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
+        .filter(|&fid| lasso_path.winding(fill_centroid(&g, fid)) != 0).collect();
+    let dump: Vec<_> = g.fills.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+        .map(|(i, _)| (i, fill_centroid(&g, FillId(i as u32)), describe_boundary(&g, FillId(i as u32)).len())).collect();
+    assert_eq!(inside.len(), 1, "one strip of the right rect should be inside; got {dump:#?}");
+}
+
+/// No live fill may reference a freed edge or vertex (whose slot a later alloc reuses).
+fn assert_no_freed_but_referenced(g: &VectorGraph) {
+    let freed_v: std::collections::HashSet<u32> = g.free_vertices.iter().copied().collect();
+    let freed_e: std::collections::HashSet<u32> = g.free_edges.iter().copied().collect();
+    for (fi, f) in g.fills.iter().enumerate() {
+        if f.deleted { continue; }
+        for &(e, _) in &f.boundary {
+            if e.is_none() { continue; }
+            assert!(!freed_e.contains(&e.0), "live fill {fi} references freed edge {}", e.0);
+            for &v in &g.edge(e).vertices {
+                assert!(!freed_v.contains(&v.0), "live fill {fi} references freed vertex {}", v.0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn extract_after_cut_keeps_remaining_fill_intact() {
+    // Cut a rectangle's corner with a lasso, then extract (Group) the clipped corner. The
+    // extraction must not free vertices/edges still referenced by the L-shaped remainder —
+    // previously it freed the shared cut vertices, and a later `alloc_vertex` reused those
+    // slots and corrupted the remainder (the "second lasso deletes all faces" bug).
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 100.0);
+    let (segs, lasso) = rect_lasso(100.0, -50.0, 300.0, 50.0); // clips the top-right corner
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+
+    // Pick the fill inside the lasso (the clipped corner) and extract it.
+    let inside: Vec<FillId> = g.fills.iter().enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted).map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
+        .filter(|&fid| lasso.winding(g.fill_interior_point(fid)) != 0).collect();
+    assert_eq!(inside.len(), 1, "one corner fill should be inside the lasso");
+    let inside_fills: HashSet<FillId> = inside.iter().copied().collect();
+    let inside_edges: HashSet<EdgeId> = g.fill(inside[0]).boundary.iter()
+        .filter_map(|&(e, _)| (!e.is_none()).then_some(e)).collect();
+
+    let _ = g.extract_subgraph(&inside_edges, &inside_fills, &HashSet::new());
+
+    assert_no_freed_but_referenced(&g);
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+
+    // Simulate the next lasso allocating vertices, then re-validate: a corrupted (freed but
+    // referenced) vertex would now be at a bogus position.
+    let (segs2, _) = rect_lasso(20.0, 20.0, 60.0, 80.0);
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs2, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+}
+
+/// Captured region-select cases (`LIGHTNINGBEAM_DUMP_REGION=1`), embedded so the regression
+/// survives `/tmp` being cleared. Each is `{ "graph": <VectorGraph>, "segments": [[[x,y]*4]*] }`.
+/// They span: two separate rects, side-by-side, overlapping, a notched post-group fill, and
+/// dense self-intersecting freehand lassos (dump 3 is the boundary-spike repro).
+const REGION_DUMPS: &[&str] = &[
+    include_str!("region_dumps/dump0.json"),
+    include_str!("region_dumps/dump1.json"),
+    include_str!("region_dumps/dump2.json"),
+    include_str!("region_dumps/dump3.json"),
+    include_str!("region_dumps/dump4.json"),
+];
+
+#[test]
+fn dumped_region_selects_are_valid() {
+    // Replays each captured region-select cut and asserts it yields only valid, non-corrupt
+    // geometry (no freed-but-referenced refs, no spikes, every fill a connected loop).
+    for json in REGION_DUMPS {
+        let v: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        let mut g: VectorGraph = serde_json::from_value(v["graph"].clone()).unwrap();
+        let segs: Vec<CubicBez> = v["segments"].as_array().unwrap().iter().map(|s| {
+            let p = |i: usize| { let a = s[i].as_array().unwrap(); Point::new(a[0].as_f64().unwrap(), a[1].as_f64().unwrap()) };
+            CubicBez::new(p(0), p(1), p(2), p(3))
+        }).collect();
+        g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+        g.gc_invisible_edges();
+        assert_no_freed_but_referenced(&g);
+        assert_no_spikes(&g);
+        assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn near_coincident_needle_does_not_spike() {
+    // Smoke test: a stroke poking into a fill and returning along a near-coincident path
+    // must still yield valid, non-corrupt geometry. (The dense-freehand accordion that the
+    // boundary-spike collapse specifically fixes is only reliably reproduced by the captured
+    // region dumps; this is a lightweight portable guard for the same family of inputs.)
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0);
+    g.insert_stroke(
+        &[
+            line(Point::new(50.0, -10.0), Point::new(50.0, 50.0)),
+            line(Point::new(50.0, 50.0), Point::new(50.0003, -10.0)),
+        ],
+        None, None, 1.0,
+    );
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+    assert_no_spikes(&g);
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn second_stroke_crossing_first_splits_into_quadrants() {
+    // A later stroke that crosses an earlier stroke's edge inside a fill triggers an
+    // edge-domain `split_edge`, whose sub-edges aren't tracked in the second stroke's new
+    // edges. The retrace must still see them (induced-subgraph expansion) or the cut breaks
+    // and unravels. Two crossing cuts through a rectangle must yield four connected quadrants.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0);
+    g.insert_stroke(&[line(Point::new(-10.0, 50.0), Point::new(110.0, 50.0))], None, None, 1.0); // horizontal
+    assert_eq!(g.fills.iter().filter(|f| !f.deleted).count(), 2, "horizontal cut → 2");
+    g.insert_stroke(&[line(Point::new(50.0, -10.0), Point::new(50.0, 110.0))], None, None, 1.0); // vertical, crosses it
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+
+    let live: Vec<FillId> = g.fills.iter().enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted).map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32)).collect();
+    assert_eq!(live.len(), 4, "two crossing cuts → four quadrants; got {}", live.len());
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+    assert_no_spikes(&g);
+    for &fid in &live {
+        assert!((polygon_area(&g, fid) - 2500.0).abs() < 1.0, "each quadrant is 50x50, got {}", polygon_area(&g, fid));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stroke_dead_ending_inside_fill_does_not_spike() {
+    // A stroke (e.g. a freehand lasso that wiggles or nearly self-touches) can leave a
+    // dangling stub: an edge whose inner endpoint has degree 1. Re-tracing must not run out
+    // and back along it (a self-touching "spike" boundary); the fill stays a clean loop.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 100.0);
+    // Open stroke entering the top edge and dead-ending inside at (100,50).
+    let stub = vec![line(Point::new(50.0, -20.0), Point::new(100.0, 50.0))];
+    g.insert_stroke(&stub, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+
+    let live: Vec<FillId> = g.fills.iter().enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted).map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32)).collect();
+    assert_eq!(live.len(), 1, "a dead-end stub must not split the fill; got {}", live.len());
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+    assert_no_spikes(&g);
+    // The fill is still the full rectangle.
+    assert!((polygon_area(&g, live[0]) - 20000.0).abs() < 1.0,
+        "fill should remain the 200x100 rectangle, area {}", polygon_area(&g, live[0]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn groupfail_two_notched_fills_second_lasso() {
+    // Faithful reconstruction of the captured post-group state (dump_1): two adjacent
+    // fills sharing the x=337 column, each with an invisible notch (the hole left by the
+    // first lasso+group). A second lasso (398,249)-(495,327) clips fill 3's corner.
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    let mut g = VectorGraph::new();
+    let vp = [
+        (130.0, 232.0), (337.0, 232.0), (337.0, 362.0), (130.0, 362.0), (337.0, 297.0),
+        (535.0, 297.0), (535.0, 417.0), (337.0, 417.0), (0.0, 0.0), (337.0, 315.0),
+        (220.0, 315.0), (456.0, 315.0), (456.0, 345.0), (337.0, 345.0), (220.0, 345.0),
+    ];
+    let vs: Vec<_> = vp.iter().map(|&(x, y)| g.alloc_vertex(Point::new(x, y))).collect();
+    let style = StrokeStyle { width: 3.0, ..Default::default() };
+    let color = ShapeColor::rgb(0, 0, 0);
+    // (name, v_start, v_end, visible)
+    let edge_defs: &[(&str, usize, usize, bool)] = &[
+        ("e0", 0, 1, true), ("e1", 4, 5, true), ("e2", 2, 3, true), ("e3", 3, 0, true),
+        ("e4", 1, 4, true), ("e5", 7, 2, true), ("e6", 5, 6, true), ("e7", 6, 7, true),
+        ("e8", 10, 9, false), ("e9", 12, 13, false), ("e11", 4, 9, true), ("e12", 9, 11, false),
+        ("e13", 11, 12, false), ("e15", 13, 2, true), ("e16", 13, 14, false), ("e17", 14, 10, false),
+    ];
+    let mut em: HashMap<&str, EdgeId> = HashMap::new();
+    for &(name, a, b, vis) in edge_defs {
+        let (ss, sc) = if vis { (Some(style.clone()), Some(color)) } else { (None, None) };
+        let e = g.alloc_edge(line(vp[a].into(), vp[b].into()), vs[a], vs[b], ss, sc);
+        em.insert(name, e);
+    }
+    let mk = |spec: &[(&str, Direction)]| -> Vec<(EdgeId, Direction)> {
+        spec.iter().map(|&(n, d)| (em[n], d)).collect()
+    };
+    use Direction::{Backward as B, Forward as F};
+    g.alloc_fill(mk(&[("e11", B), ("e4", B), ("e0", B), ("e3", B), ("e2", B), ("e15", B), ("e16", F), ("e17", F), ("e8", F)]),
+        ShapeColor::rgb(100, 100, 255), FillRule::NonZero);
+    g.alloc_fill(mk(&[("e15", F), ("e5", B), ("e7", B), ("e6", B), ("e1", B), ("e11", F), ("e12", F), ("e13", F), ("e9", F)]),
+        ShapeColor::rgb(100, 100, 255), FillRule::NonZero);
+
+    assert_eq!(g.fills.iter().filter(|f| !f.deleted).count(), 2, "starts with 2 fills");
+    let (segs, lasso) = rect_lasso(398.0, 249.0, 495.0, 327.0);
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+
+    let live = g.fills.iter().filter(|f| !f.deleted).count();
+    let inside: Vec<FillId> = g.fills.iter().enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted).map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
+        .filter(|&fid| lasso.winding(g.fill_interior_point(fid)) != 0).collect();
+    eprintln!("groupfail: {live} live fills, {} inside lasso", inside.len());
+    for (i, f) in g.fills.iter().enumerate() {
+        if f.deleted { continue; }
+        let fid = FillId(i as u32);
+        eprintln!("  fill {i}: bbox {:?} area {:.0}", fill_bbox(&g, fid), polygon_area(&g, fid));
+    }
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+    // The two original shapes must survive (no faces wrongly deleted); the lasso adds a cut.
+    assert!(live >= 2, "must keep both shapes plus the cut; got {live}");
+    assert_eq!(inside.len(), 1, "exactly the clipped corner of fill 3 should be selected");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lasso_across_notched_fill_never_corrupts_boundaries() {
+    // A rectangle with a rectangular notch bitten out of its top edge — the shape a fill
+    // is left as after grouping a lasso selection (the notch is the extracted region's
+    // hole). A second lasso crossing the notch must never produce disconnected/corrupt
+    // fill boundaries (it previously incorporated the lasso's out-of-shape edges, drawing
+    // stray diagonals). It may under-select on such complex geometry, but must stay valid.
+    let mut g = VectorGraph::new();
+    let pts = [
+        Point::new(0.0, 0.0), Point::new(80.0, 0.0), Point::new(80.0, 40.0),
+        Point::new(120.0, 40.0), Point::new(120.0, 0.0), Point::new(200.0, 0.0),
+        Point::new(200.0, 100.0), Point::new(0.0, 100.0),
+    ];
+    let style = StrokeStyle { width: 1.0, ..Default::default() };
+    let color = ShapeColor::rgb(0, 0, 0);
+    let v: Vec<_> = pts.iter().map(|&p| g.alloc_vertex(p)).collect();
+    let mut boundary = Vec::new();
+    for i in 0..pts.len() {
+        let e = g.alloc_edge(line(pts[i], pts[(i + 1) % pts.len()]), v[i], v[(i + 1) % pts.len()],
+            Some(style.clone()), Some(color));
+        boundary.push((e, Direction::Forward));
+    }
+    g.alloc_fill(boundary, ShapeColor::rgb(255, 0, 0), FillRule::NonZero);
+
+    // Lasso a rectangle that straddles the notch and the shape body. Inside the fill it
+    // covers (60..140, 0..60) minus the notch (80..120, 0..40) — an arch shape — which the
+    // cut must isolate as one connected fill, with the remainder outside.
+    let (segs, lasso) = rect_lasso(60.0, -20.0, 140.0, 60.0);
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+
+    // Every resulting fill is a valid connected loop (never corrupt).
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+
+    // Exactly one fill lies inside the lasso, and it is the arch (area = 80*60 - 40*40).
+    let inside: Vec<FillId> = g.fills.iter().enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted).map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
+        .filter(|&fid| lasso.winding(g.fill_interior_point(fid)) != 0).collect();
+    assert_eq!(inside.len(), 1, "the arch (lasso ∩ notched fill) should be one selected fill");
+    let area = polygon_area(&g, inside[0]);
+    assert!((area - 3200.0).abs() < 1.0, "arch area should be 3200, got {area}");
+}
+
+/// Absolute polygon area of a fill from its boundary corner points.
+fn polygon_area(g: &VectorGraph, fid: FillId) -> f64 {
+    let pts: Vec<Point> = g.fill(fid).boundary.iter()
+        .filter(|(e, _)| !e.is_none())
+        .map(|&(e, d)| dir_start(g, e, d))
+        .collect();
+    if pts.len() < 3 { return 0.0; }
+    let mut a2 = 0.0;
+    for i in 0..pts.len() {
+        let p0 = pts[i]; let p1 = pts[(i + 1) % pts.len()];
+        a2 += p0.x * p1.y - p1.x * p0.y;
+    }
+    (a2 * 0.5).abs()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_edge_adjacent_rects_make_two_clean_fills() {
+    // Two rectangles sharing the x=100 edge. The second's left edge lands exactly on the
+    // first's right edge; without coincident-edge cleanup this produced duplicate edges and
+    // zero-area "sliver" fills (4 fills instead of 2) before any lasso.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0);
+    draw_filled_rect(&mut g, 100.0, 0.0, 200.0, 100.0);
+    let live: Vec<_> = g.fills.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+        .map(|(i, _)| (i, fill_bbox(&g, FillId(i as u32)))).collect();
+    assert_eq!(live.len(), 2, "two adjacent rects should make exactly two fills; got {live:?}");
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lasso_strip_through_adjacent_second_rect() {
+    // Two rectangles sharing an edge (snapped adjacent), lasso a strip through the second.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0);
+    draw_filled_rect(&mut g, 100.0, 0.0, 200.0, 100.0); // shares the x=100 edge with the first
+
+    let (segs, lasso_path) = rect_lasso(130.0, -50.0, 170.0, 150.0); // strip through 2nd
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+
+    let inside: Vec<FillId> = g.fills.iter().enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted).map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
+        .filter(|&fid| lasso_path.winding(fill_centroid(&g, fid)) != 0).collect();
+    let dump: Vec<_> = g.fills.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+        .map(|(i, _)| (i, fill_centroid(&g, FillId(i as u32)), describe_boundary(&g, FillId(i as u32)).len())).collect();
+    assert_eq!(inside.len(), 1, "one strip of the 2nd rect should be inside; got {dump:#?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lasso_strip_through_overlapping_second_rect() {
+    // Second rectangle overlaps the first; lasso a strip through the second's free part.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0);
+    draw_filled_rect(&mut g, 60.0, 60.0, 200.0, 160.0);
+
+    let (segs, _lasso) = rect_lasso(120.0, 40.0, 160.0, 180.0);
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+}
+
+/// Bounding box of a fill's boundary edge endpoints.
+fn fill_bbox(g: &VectorGraph, fid: FillId) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
+    let (mut minx, mut miny, mut maxx, mut maxy) = (f64::MAX, f64::MAX, f64::MIN, f64::MIN);
+    for &(eid, _) in &g.fill(fid).boundary {
+        if eid.is_none() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for &vid in &g.edge(eid).vertices {
+            let p = g.vertex(vid).position;
+            minx = minx.min(p.x);
+            miny = miny.min(p.y);
+            maxx = maxx.max(p.x);
+            maxy = maxy.max(p.y);
+        }
+    }
+    (minx, miny, maxx, maxy)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lasso_corner_clip_of_second_rect_splits_off_corner() {
+    // Captured repro (/tmp dump): two separate rects; the lasso clips the top-left CORNER
+    // of the second rect, so the cut path turns a corner at a vertex INTERIOR to the rect.
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(128.37, 255.97, 290.91, 336.55); // rect 1
+    draw_filled_rect(&mut g, 417.39, 311.62, 620.25, 442.55); // rect 2
+    let (segs, lasso) = rect_lasso(360.12, 277.92, 537.32, 397.14); // clips rect-2 corner
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+    assert_all_fills_connected(&g);
+
+    let inside: Vec<FillId> = g.fills.iter().enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted).map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
+        .filter(|&fid| lasso.winding(fill_centroid(&g, fid)) != 0).collect();
+    let dump: Vec<_> = g.fills.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+        .map(|(i, _)| (i, fill_centroid(&g, FillId(i as u32)), fill_bbox(&g, FillId(i as u32)), describe_boundary(&g, FillId(i as u32)).len())).collect();
+    assert_eq!(inside.len(), 1, "exactly the clipped corner should be inside; fills = {dump:#?}");
+
+    // The selected fill must be the clipped CORNER, not the whole rect 2.
+    let (minx, miny, maxx, maxy) = fill_bbox(&g, inside[0]);
+    let eps = 1.0;
+    assert!(
+        (minx - 417.39).abs() < eps && (miny - 311.62).abs() < eps
+            && (maxx - 537.32).abs() < eps && (maxy - 397.14).abs() < eps,
+        "expected clipped-corner bbox (417.4,311.6)-(537.3,397.1), got ({minx:.1},{miny:.1})-({maxx:.1},{maxy:.1}) \
+         — whole rect2 is (417,311)-(620,442); the fill wasn't split"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lasso_over_middle_of_rect_selects_clean_center_strip() {
+    // Rectangle (0,0)-(200,100); lasso a vertical strip (50,-50)-(150,150).
+    let mut g = editor_filled_rect(0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 100.0);
+    let (segs, lasso_path) = rect_lasso(50.0, -50.0, 150.0, 150.0);
+
+    g.insert_stroke(&segs, None, None, 1.0);
+    // The editor runs this right after the cut: the lasso's top/bottom edges and the
+    // out-of-shape extensions of its sides are invisible and unreferenced — they must be
+    // collected so they can't be selected/edited later.
+    g.gc_invisible_edges();
+    for (i, e) in g.edges.iter().enumerate() {
+        if e.deleted || e.stroke_style.is_some() || e.stroke_color.is_some() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let eid = EdgeId(i as u32);
+        let in_a_fill = g
+            .fills
+            .iter()
+            .any(|f| !f.deleted && f.boundary.iter().any(|&(fe, _)| fe == eid));
+        assert!(
+            in_a_fill,
+            "stray invisible edge {i} ({:?}) survived gc — not part of any fill",
+            e.curve
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Classify fills by centroid winding (the editor's logic).
+    let inside_fills: Vec<FillId> = g
+        .fills
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+        .map(|(i, _)| FillId(i as u32))
+        .filter(|&fid| lasso_path.winding(fill_centroid(&g, fid)) != 0)
+        .collect();
+
+    let dump = || {
+        g.fills
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter(|(_, f)| !f.deleted)
+            .map(|(i, _)| {
+                let fid = FillId(i as u32);
+                (i, fill_centroid(&g, fid), describe_boundary(&g, fid))
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        inside_fills.len(),
+        1,
+        "expected exactly one inside fill (the center strip); live fills = {:#?}",
+        dump()
+    );
+
+    let fid = inside_fills[0];
+    let boundary = describe_boundary(&g, fid);
+
+    // The center strip is a rectangle: it must have 4 boundary edges that form a
+    // *connected closed loop* (each edge's directed end == the next edge's directed start).
+    // Before the fix, the split produced a 2-edge boundary (left cut + top segment) whose
+    // bbox is still (50,0)-(150,100) but which `fill_to_bezpath` renders as left+top edges
+    // plus a diagonal close — the artifact the user reported.
+    assert_eq!(
+        boundary.len(),
+        4,
+        "center strip should have 4 boundary edges, got {}: {:#?}",
+        boundary.len(),
+        boundary
+    );
+
+    let eps = 1e-6;
+    let n = boundary.len();
+    for i in 0..n {
+        let (_, _, end) = boundary[i];
+        let (_, next_start, _) = boundary[(i + 1) % n];
+        assert!(
+            (end.x - next_start.x).abs() < eps && (end.y - next_start.y).abs() < eps,
+            "boundary is disconnected between edge {i} (ends {end:?}) and edge {} \
+             (starts {next_start:?}); full boundary = {boundary:#?}",
+            (i + 1) % n
+        );
+    }
+
+    // And the loop should visit the four expected corners.
+    let corners = [
+        Point::new(50.0, 0.0),
+        Point::new(150.0, 0.0),
+        Point::new(150.0, 100.0),
+        Point::new(50.0, 100.0),
+    ];
+    for c in corners {
+        let hit = boundary
+            .iter()
+            .any(|&(_, s, _)| (s.x - c.x).abs() < 0.5 && (s.y - c.y).abs() < 0.5);
+        assert!(hit, "center strip boundary should pass through corner {c:?}: {boundary:#?}");
+    }
+}

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-core/src/vector_graph/tests/tween.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//! Tests for same-topology shape-tween interpolation (`VectorGraph::interpolated`).
+
+use super::super::*;
+use kurbo::{CubicBez, Point};
+
+fn line(a: Point, b: Point) -> CubicBez {
+    CubicBez::new(
+        a,
+        Point::new(a.x + (b.x - a.x) / 3.0, a.y + (b.y - a.y) / 3.0),
+        Point::new(a.x + 2.0 * (b.x - a.x) / 3.0, a.y + 2.0 * (b.y - a.y) / 3.0),
+        b,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Triangle (3 verts, 3 edges, 1 fill) offset by (ox, oy).
+fn triangle(ox: f64, oy: f64) -> VectorGraph {
+    let mut g = VectorGraph::new();
+    let p = [
+        Point::new(ox, oy),
+        Point::new(ox + 100.0, oy),
+        Point::new(ox + 50.0, oy + 100.0),
+    ];
+    let v: Vec<_> = p.iter().map(|&pt| g.alloc_vertex(pt)).collect();
+    let style = StrokeStyle { width: 1.0, ..Default::default() };
+    let mut boundary = Vec::new();
+    for i in 0..3 {
+        let e = g.alloc_edge(
+            line(p[i], p[(i + 1) % 3]),
+            v[i],
+            v[(i + 1) % 3],
+            Some(style.clone()),
+            Some(ShapeColor::rgb(0, 0, 0)),
+        );
+        boundary.push((e, Direction::Forward));
+    }
+    g.alloc_fill(boundary, ShapeColor::rgb(255, 0, 0), FillRule::NonZero);
+    g
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn interpolate_same_topology_lerps_positions() {
+    let a = triangle(0.0, 0.0);
+    let b = triangle(100.0, 50.0);
+
+    let mid = a.interpolated(&b, 0.5).expect("same topology should interpolate");
+    // Vertex 0: (0,0) and (100,50) → (50,25). Curve endpoints follow.
+    assert!((mid.vertices[0].position.x - 50.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+    assert!((mid.vertices[0].position.y - 25.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+    assert!((mid.edges[0].curve.p0.x - 50.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+
+    // Endpoints: t=0 is `a`, t=1 is `b`.
+    assert!((a.interpolated(&b, 0.0).unwrap().vertices[0].position.x - 0.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+    assert!((a.interpolated(&b, 1.0).unwrap().vertices[0].position.x - 100.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn interpolate_lerps_fill_color() {
+    let mut a = triangle(0.0, 0.0);
+    let mut b = triangle(0.0, 0.0);
+    a.fills[0].color = Some(ShapeColor::rgb(0, 0, 0));
+    b.fills[0].color = Some(ShapeColor::rgb(100, 200, 40));
+    let mid = a.interpolated(&b, 0.5).unwrap();
+    let c = mid.fills[0].color.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((c.r, c.g, c.b), (50, 100, 20));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn interpolate_topology_mismatch_returns_none() {
+    let a = triangle(0.0, 0.0);
+    let mut more_verts = triangle(0.0, 0.0);
+    more_verts.alloc_vertex(Point::new(999.0, 999.0));
+    assert!(a.interpolated(&more_verts, 0.5).is_none(), "different vertex count");
+
+    // Same counts but a moved edge endpoint (different vertices) is still a mismatch.
+    let mut rewired = triangle(0.0, 0.0);
+    rewired.edges[0].vertices = [VertexId(2), VertexId(1)];
+    assert!(a.interpolated(&rewired, 0.5).is_none(), "different edge endpoints");
+}

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "lightningbeam-editor"
-version = "1.0.4-alpha"
+version = "1.0.5-alpha"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "Multimedia editor for audio, video and 2D animation"
 license = "GPL-3.0-or-later"

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/curve_editor.rs

@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@ pub enum CurveEditAction {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct CurveDragState {
     pub keyframe_index: usize,
-    pub original_time: f64,
-    pub original_value: f32,
     pub current_time: f64,
     pub current_value: f32,
 }
@@ -263,8 +261,6 @@ pub fn render_curve_lane(
             let kf = &keyframes[idx];
             *drag_state = Some(CurveDragState {
                 keyframe_index: idx,
-                original_time: kf.time,
-                original_value: kf.value,
                 current_time: kf.time,
                 current_value: kf.value,
             });

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/export/cpu_yuv_converter.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ use ffmpeg_next as ffmpeg;
 pub struct CpuYuvConverter {
     width: u32,
     height: u32,
+    /// swscale context + reusable source/dest frames, built once and reused every frame
+    /// (creating them per call was a measurable per-output-frame export cost).
+    scaler: ffmpeg::software::scaling::Context,
+    rgba_frame: ffmpeg::frame::Video,
+    yuv_frame: ffmpeg::frame::Video,
 }
 
 impl CpuYuvConverter {
@@ -22,7 +27,20 @@ impl CpuYuvConverter {
     /// * `width` - Frame width in pixels
     /// * `height` - Frame height in pixels
     pub fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<Self, String> {
-        Ok(Self { width, height })
+        // BT.709 (HD) RGBA→YUV420p context, created once.
+        let scaler = ffmpeg::software::scaling::Context::get(
+            ffmpeg::format::Pixel::RGBA,
+            width,
+            height,
+            ffmpeg::format::Pixel::YUV420P,
+            width,
+            height,
+            ffmpeg::software::scaling::Flags::BILINEAR,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to create swscale context: {}", e))?;
+        let rgba_frame = ffmpeg::frame::Video::new(ffmpeg::format::Pixel::RGBA, width, height);
+        let yuv_frame = ffmpeg::frame::Video::new(ffmpeg::format::Pixel::YUV420P, width, height);
+        Ok(Self { width, height, scaler, rgba_frame, yuv_frame })
     }
 
     /// Convert RGBA data to YUV420p planes
@@ -40,7 +58,7 @@ impl CpuYuvConverter {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     /// Panics if rgba_data length doesn't match width * height * 4
-    pub fn convert(&self, rgba_data: &[u8]) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>), String> {
+    pub fn convert(&mut self, rgba_data: &[u8]) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>), String> {
         let expected_size = (self.width * self.height * 4) as usize;
         assert_eq!(
             rgba_data.len(),
@@ -50,51 +68,17 @@ impl CpuYuvConverter {
             rgba_data.len()
         );
 
-        // Create source RGBA frame
+        // Copy RGBA into the reused source frame, run the reused scaler into the reused
-        let mut rgba_frame = ffmpeg::frame::Video::new(
+        // dest frame (SIMD-optimized), then extract planes.
-            ffmpeg::format::Pixel::RGBA,
+        self.rgba_frame.data_mut(0).copy_from_slice(rgba_data);
-            self.width,
+        self.scaler
-            self.height,
+            .run(&self.rgba_frame, &mut self.yuv_frame)
-        );
-
-        // Copy RGBA data into source frame
-        // ffmpeg-next provides mutable access to the frame data
-        let frame_data = rgba_frame.data_mut(0);
-        frame_data.copy_from_slice(rgba_data);
-
-        // Create destination YUV420p frame
-        let mut yuv_frame = ffmpeg::frame::Video::new(
-            ffmpeg::format::Pixel::YUV420P,
-            self.width,
-            self.height,
-        );
-
-        // Create swscale context for RGBA→YUV420p conversion
-        // Uses BT.709 color matrix (HD standard)
-        let mut scaler = ffmpeg::software::scaling::Context::get(
-            ffmpeg::format::Pixel::RGBA,
-            self.width,
-            self.height,
-            ffmpeg::format::Pixel::YUV420P,
-            self.width,
-            self.height,
-            ffmpeg::software::scaling::Flags::BILINEAR,
-        )
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to create swscale context: {}", e))?;
-
-        // Perform the conversion (SIMD-optimized)
-        scaler
-            .run(&rgba_frame, &mut yuv_frame)
             .map_err(|e| format!("swscale conversion failed: {}", e))?;
 
-        // Extract planar YUV data
+        // YUV420p planes: Y full-res, U/V quarter-res (2×2 subsampled).
-        // YUV420p has 3 planes:
+        let y_plane = self.yuv_frame.data(0).to_vec();
-        // - Y: full resolution (width × height)
+        let u_plane = self.yuv_frame.data(1).to_vec();
-        // - U: quarter resolution (width/2 × height/2)
+        let v_plane = self.yuv_frame.data(2).to_vec();
-        // - V: quarter resolution (width/2 × height/2)
-        let y_plane = yuv_frame.data(0).to_vec();
-        let u_plane = yuv_frame.data(1).to_vec();
-        let v_plane = yuv_frame.data(2).to_vec();
 
         Ok((y_plane, u_plane, v_plane))
     }
@@ -112,7 +96,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_conversion_output_sizes() {
-        let converter = CpuYuvConverter::new(1920, 1080).unwrap();
+        let mut converter = CpuYuvConverter::new(1920, 1080).unwrap();
 
         // Create dummy RGBA data (all black)
         let rgba_data = vec![0u8; 1920 * 1080 * 4];
@@ -133,7 +117,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     #[should_panic(expected = "RGBA data size mismatch")]
     fn test_wrong_input_size_panics() {
-        let converter = CpuYuvConverter::new(1920, 1080).unwrap();
+        let mut converter = CpuYuvConverter::new(1920, 1080).unwrap();
 
         // Wrong size input
         let rgba_data = vec![0u8; 1000];

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/export/dialog.rs

@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ pub struct DocumentHint {
     pub has_raster: bool,
     pub has_vector: bool,
     pub current_time: f64,
-    pub doc_width: u32,
-    pub doc_height: u32,
 }
 
 /// Export type selection
@@ -577,7 +575,7 @@ impl ExportDialog {
 
         if ui.button("Choose location...").clicked() {
             let ext = self.current_extension();
-            let mut dialog = rfd::FileDialog::new()
+            let dialog = rfd::FileDialog::new()
                 .set_directory(&self.output_dir)
                 .set_file_name(&self.output_filename)
                 .add_filter(ext.to_uppercase(), &[ext]);

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/export/mod.rs

@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ impl ExportOrchestrator {
             let gpu = state.gpu_resources.as_mut().unwrap();
             let output_view = state.output_texture_view.as_ref().unwrap();
 
-            let mut encoder = video_exporter::render_frame_to_gpu_rgba(
+            let encoder = video_exporter::render_frame_to_gpu_rgba(
                 document,
                 state.settings.time,
                 w, h,

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/gpu_brush.rs

@@ -1586,11 +1586,6 @@ impl GpuBrushEngine {
         crate::debug_overlay::update_gpu_memory(count, total);
     }
 
-    /// Get the cached display texture for a raster layer keyframe.
-    pub fn get_layer_texture(&self, kf_id: &Uuid) -> Option<&CanvasPair> {
-        self.raster_layer_cache.get(kf_id)
-    }
-
     /// Ensure a low-res proxy texture exists for `kf_id` (uploaded once; proxies are
     /// immutable). Bumps recency and evicts the least-recently-used past the budget.
     /// `pixels` is sRGB-premultiplied RGBA of length `w * h * 4`.
@@ -1778,18 +1773,6 @@ impl GpuBrushEngine {
         self.displacement_bufs.insert(id, DisplacementBuffer { buf, width, height });
     }
 
-    /// Overwrite the displacement buffer contents with the provided data.
-    pub fn upload_displacement_buf(
-        &self,
-        queue:    &wgpu::Queue,
-        id:       &Uuid,
-        data:     &[[f32; 2]],
-    ) {
-        if let Some(db) = self.displacement_bufs.get(id) {
-            queue.write_buffer(&db.buf, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(data));
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Zero out a displacement buffer (reset all displacements to (0,0)).
     pub fn clear_displacement_buf(&self, queue: &wgpu::Queue, id: &Uuid) {
         if let Some(db) = self.displacement_bufs.get(id) {
@@ -2029,12 +2012,24 @@ impl BlitTransform {
         //   y' = b*x + d*y + f
         // Column-major 3×3: col0=(a,b,0), col1=(c,d,0), col2=(e,f,1)
         let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = combined.as_coeffs();
+        // The .w slots are unused by the 3×3 matrix; the shader reads them as an RGB
+        // screen-blend tint ((0,0,0) = no tint — the default for all normal blits).
         Self {
             col0: [a as f32, b as f32, 0.0, 0.0],
             col1: [c as f32, d as f32, 0.0, 0.0],
             col2: [e as f32, f as f32, 1.0, 0.0],
         }
     }
+
+    /// Screen-blend the sampled color toward an RGB tint (for onion-skin ghosts), so
+    /// blacks/outlines pick up the tint. Packed into the matrix uniform's `.w` slots,
+    /// so no extra binding is needed.
+    pub fn with_tint(mut self, r: f32, g: f32, b: f32) -> Self {
+        self.col0[3] = r;
+        self.col1[3] = g;
+        self.col2[3] = b;
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 impl CanvasBlitPipeline {

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/keymap.rs

@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ pub enum AppAction {
     TogglePlayPause,
     CancelAction,
     ToggleDebugOverlay,
+    ToggleOnionSkin,
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     ToggleTestMode,
 
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ impl AppAction {
             Self::ToolErase | Self::ToolSmudge | Self::ToolSelectLasso | Self::ToolSplit => "Tools",
 
             Self::TogglePlayPause | Self::CancelAction |
-            Self::ToggleDebugOverlay => "Global",
+            Self::ToggleDebugOverlay | Self::ToggleOnionSkin => "Global",
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             Self::ToggleTestMode => "Global",
 
@@ -246,6 +247,7 @@ impl AppAction {
             Self::TogglePlayPause => "Toggle Play/Pause",
             Self::CancelAction => "Cancel / Escape",
             Self::ToggleDebugOverlay => "Toggle Debug Overlay",
+            Self::ToggleOnionSkin => "Toggle Onion Skinning",
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             Self::ToggleTestMode => "Toggle Test Mode",
             Self::PianoRollDelete => "Piano Roll: Delete",
@@ -281,7 +283,7 @@ impl AppAction {
             Self::ToolEyedropper, Self::ToolLine, Self::ToolPolygon,
             Self::ToolBezierEdit, Self::ToolText, Self::ToolRegionSelect,
             Self::ToolErase, Self::ToolSmudge, Self::ToolSelectLasso, Self::ToolSplit,
-            Self::TogglePlayPause, Self::CancelAction, Self::ToggleDebugOverlay,
+            Self::TogglePlayPause, Self::CancelAction, Self::ToggleDebugOverlay, Self::ToggleOnionSkin,
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
             Self::ToggleTestMode,
             Self::PianoRollDelete, Self::StageDelete,
@@ -330,6 +332,7 @@ impl From<MenuAction> for AppAction {
             MenuAction::AddTestClip => Self::AddTestClip,
             MenuAction::DeleteLayer => Self::DeleteLayer,
             MenuAction::ToggleLayerVisibility => Self::ToggleLayerVisibility,
+            MenuAction::ToggleOnionSkin => Self::ToggleOnionSkin,
             MenuAction::ShowMasterTrack => Self::ToggleLayerVisibility, // not directly mappable
             MenuAction::NewKeyframe => Self::NewKeyframe,
             MenuAction::NewBlankKeyframe => Self::NewBlankKeyframe,
@@ -392,6 +395,7 @@ impl TryFrom<AppAction> for MenuAction {
             AppAction::AddTestClip => MenuAction::AddTestClip,
             AppAction::DeleteLayer => MenuAction::DeleteLayer,
             AppAction::ToggleLayerVisibility => MenuAction::ToggleLayerVisibility,
+            AppAction::ToggleOnionSkin => MenuAction::ToggleOnionSkin,
             AppAction::NewKeyframe => MenuAction::NewKeyframe,
             AppAction::NewBlankKeyframe => MenuAction::NewBlankKeyframe,
             AppAction::DeleteFrame => MenuAction::DeleteFrame,
@@ -507,6 +511,7 @@ pub fn all_defaults() -> HashMap<AppAction, Option<Shortcut>> {
     defaults.insert(AppAction::TogglePlayPause,    Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::Space, nc, ns, na)));
     defaults.insert(AppAction::CancelAction,       Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::Escape, nc, ns, na)));
     defaults.insert(AppAction::ToggleDebugOverlay, Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::F3, nc, ns, na)));
+    defaults.insert(AppAction::ToggleOnionSkin,    Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::O, nc, ns, na)));
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     defaults.insert(AppAction::ToggleTestMode,     Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::F5, nc, ns, na)));
 

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/main.rs

@@ -984,8 +984,9 @@ struct EditorApp {
     snap_enabled: bool,              // Whether to snap to geometry (default: true)
     paint_bucket_gap_tolerance: f64, // Fill gap tolerance for paint bucket (default: 5.0)
     polygon_sides: u32,              // Number of sides for polygon tool (default: 5)
-    // Region select state
+    /// Undo depth before the current region-select session's first cut (see
-    region_selection: Option<lightningbeam_core::selection::RegionSelection>,
+    /// `resolve_pending_region_cut`). `None` when no region selection is pending.
+    pending_region_cut_base: Option<usize>,
     region_select_mode: lightningbeam_core::tool::RegionSelectMode,
     lasso_mode: lightningbeam_core::tool::LassoMode,
 
@@ -1026,6 +1027,8 @@ struct EditorApp {
     recording_mirror_rx: Option<rtrb::Consumer<f32>>,
     /// Current file path (None if not yet saved)
     current_file_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    /// Onion-skinning view settings (toggle + frame counts + opacity).
+    onion_skin: crate::panes::OnionSkinSettings,
     /// On-demand loader for raster keyframe pixels from the project `.beam` container.
     raster_store: lightningbeam_core::raster_store::RasterStore,
     /// Miss-sink: raster keyframe ids the canvas wanted but whose pixels weren't
@@ -1070,6 +1073,11 @@ struct EditorApp {
     preferences_dialog: preferences::dialog::PreferencesDialog,
     /// Export orchestrator for background exports
     export_orchestrator: Option<export::ExportOrchestrator>,
+    /// Vello renderer + image cache reused across all frames of an in-progress export
+    /// (built once on the first export pump, dropped when export ends) — building a new
+    /// renderer per frame was the dominant export cost.
+    export_renderer: Option<vello::Renderer>,
+    export_image_cache: Option<lightningbeam_core::renderer::ImageCache>,
     /// GPU-rendered effect thumbnail generator
     effect_thumbnail_generator: Option<EffectThumbnailGenerator>,
 
@@ -1296,7 +1304,7 @@ impl EditorApp {
             snap_enabled: true,              // Default to snapping
             paint_bucket_gap_tolerance: 5.0, // Default gap tolerance
             polygon_sides: 5,                // Default to pentagon
-            region_selection: None,
+            pending_region_cut_base: None,
             region_select_mode: lightningbeam_core::tool::RegionSelectMode::default(),
             lasso_mode: lightningbeam_core::tool::LassoMode::default(),
             input_level: 0.0,
@@ -1313,6 +1321,7 @@ impl EditorApp {
             waveform_result_tx,
             recording_mirror_rx,
             current_file_path: None, // No file loaded initially
+            onion_skin: crate::panes::OnionSkinSettings::default(),
             raster_store: lightningbeam_core::raster_store::RasterStore::new(None),
             raster_fault_requests: Default::default(),
             raster_load_result_tx,
@@ -1330,6 +1339,8 @@ impl EditorApp {
             large_media_prompt: None,
             preferences_dialog: preferences::dialog::PreferencesDialog::default(),
             export_orchestrator: None,
+            export_renderer: None,
+            export_image_cache: None,
             effect_thumbnail_generator: None, // Initialized when GPU available
 
             // Debug test mode (F5)
@@ -2223,40 +2234,6 @@ impl EditorApp {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Porter-Duff "over" composite of `src` onto `dst` at canvas offset `(ox, oy)`.
-    /// Both buffers are sRGB-encoded premultiplied RGBA.
-    fn composite_over(
-        dst: &mut [u8], dst_w: u32, dst_h: u32,
-        src: &[u8],     src_w: u32, src_h: u32,
-        ox: i32, oy: i32,
-    ) {
-        for row in 0..src_h {
-            let dy = oy + row as i32;
-            if dy < 0 || dy >= dst_h as i32 { continue; }
-            for col in 0..src_w {
-                let dx = ox + col as i32;
-                if dx < 0 || dx >= dst_w as i32 { continue; }
-                let si = ((row * src_w + col) * 4) as usize;
-                let di = ((dy as u32 * dst_w + dx as u32) * 4) as usize;
-                let sa = src[si + 3] as u32;
-                if sa == 0 { continue; }
-                let da = dst[di + 3] as u32;
-                // out_a = src_a + dst_a * (255 - src_a) / 255
-                let out_a = sa + da * (255 - sa) / 255;
-                dst[di + 3] = out_a as u8;
-                if out_a > 0 {
-                    for c in 0..3 {
-                        // premul over: out = src + dst*(1-src_a/255)
-                        // v is in [0, 255²], so one /255 brings it back to [0, 255]
-                        let v = src[si + c] as u32 * 255
-                            + dst[di + c] as u32 * (255 - sa);
-                        dst[di + c] = (v / 255).min(255) as u8;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Commit a floating raster selection: composite it into the keyframe's
     /// `raw_pixels` and record a `RasterStrokeAction` for undo.
     /// Clears `selection.raster_floating` and `selection.raster_selection`.
@@ -2619,27 +2596,7 @@ impl EditorApp {
                 None => return,
             };
 
-            // Region selection case: faces are selected but no edges.
+            // Delete the selected edges (region/marquee/click all populate the same sets).
-            // The inside geometry was already extracted from the live DCEL;
-            // commit the current state (outside + boundary) using the
-            // pre-boundary snapshot as the "before" for undo.
-            if self.selection.selected_edges().is_empty() {
-                if let Some(region_sel) = self.region_selection.take() {
-                    // dcel_snapshot = state before boundary was inserted.
-                    // Current document DCEL = outside portion only (boundary edges present).
-                    // We commit the snapshot as "before" and the current state as "after",
-                    // then drop the region selection so it is not merged back.
-                    // TODO: Region selection delete requires converting Dcel snapshot
-                    // to VectorGraph for ModifyGraphAction. Deferred until RegionSelection
-                    // is migrated from Dcel to VectorGraph.
-                    eprintln!("Region selection delete: not yet ported to VectorGraph");
-                    // region_sel is dropped; the stage pane will see region_selection == None.
-                }
-                self.selection.clear_geometry_selection();
-                return;
-            }
-
-            // Select-tool case: delete the selected edges.
             let edge_ids: Vec<lightningbeam_core::vector_graph::EdgeId> =
                 self.selection.selected_edges().iter().copied().collect();
 
@@ -2833,7 +2790,7 @@ impl EditorApp {
                 let canvas_before = kf.raw_pixels.clone();
                 let canvas_w = kf.width;
                 let canvas_h = kf.height;
-                drop(kf); // release immutable borrow before taking mutable
+                let _ = kf; // release immutable borrow before taking mutable
 
                 use lightningbeam_core::selection::{RasterFloatingSelection, RasterSelection};
                 self.selection.raster_floating = Some(RasterFloatingSelection {
@@ -3026,38 +2983,31 @@ impl EditorApp {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Revert an uncommitted region selection, restoring original shapes
+    /// Resolve a pending region-select cut once its selection has been cleared.
-    fn revert_region_selection(
+    ///
-        region_selection: &mut Option<lightningbeam_core::selection::RegionSelection>,
+    /// A region/lasso selection cuts the geometry (an undoable `"Region select"` action)
-        action_executor: &mut lightningbeam_core::action::ActionExecutor,
+    /// and selects the resulting sub-pieces. When that selection is deselected:
-        selection: &mut lightningbeam_core::selection::Selection,
+    ///   - if nothing was edited in between, the cut(s) are healed (undone) so the lasso
-    ) {
+    ///     was non-destructive — the shape returns to whole;
-        use lightningbeam_core::layer::AnyLayer;
+    ///   - if anything was edited, everything is kept (the edits — and the cut they rely
-
+    ///     on — stay on the undo stack), i.e. the change is "merged" in place.
-        let region_sel = match region_selection.take() {
+    /// We tell the two apart by walking the undo stack down to the recorded base depth and
-            Some(rs) => rs,
+    /// only undoing while the top action is itself a region-select cut; the first non-cut
-            None => return,
+    /// action (an edit) stops the heal and leaves everything intact.
-        };
+    fn resolve_pending_region_cut(&mut self) {
-
+        let Some(base) = self.pending_region_cut_base else { return };
-        if region_sel.committed {
+        // Only resolve once the region selection has actually been deselected.
+        if self.selection.has_geometry_selection() {
             return;
         }
-
+        while self.action_executor.undo_depth() > base {
-        let doc = action_executor.document_mut();
+            if self.action_executor.undo_description().as_deref() == Some("Region select") {
-        let layer = match doc.get_layer_mut(&region_sel.layer_id) {
+                let _ = self.action_executor.undo();
-            Some(l) => l,
+            } else {
-            None => return,
+                break; // an edit sits on top → the user changed something; keep it all.
-        };
+            }
-        let vector_layer = match layer {
+        }
-            AnyLayer::Vector(vl) => vl,
+        self.pending_region_cut_base = None;
-            _ => return,
-        };
-
-        // TODO: DCEL - region selection revert disabled during migration
-        // (was: remove/add_shape_from/to_keyframe for splits)
-        let _ = vector_layer;
-
-        selection.clear();
     }
 
     fn handle_menu_action(&mut self, action: MenuAction) {
@@ -3292,8 +3242,6 @@ impl EditorApp {
                         has_raster:   false,
                         has_vector:   false,
                         current_time: doc.current_time,
-                        doc_width:    doc.width  as u32,
-                        doc_height:   doc.height as u32,
                     };
                     scan(&doc.root.children, &mut h);
                     h
@@ -3461,26 +3409,24 @@ impl EditorApp {
                         self.pending_node_group = true;
                     }
                     _ => {
-                        // Existing clip instance grouping fallback (stub)
+                        // Group selected geometry into a group clip + clip instance.
                         if let Some(layer_id) = self.active_layer_id {
                             if self.selection.has_geometry_selection() {
-                                // TODO: DCEL group deferred to Phase 2
+                                let fills: Vec<_> = self.selection.selected_fills().iter().copied().collect();
-                            } else {
+                                let edges: Vec<_> = self.selection.selected_edges().iter().copied().collect();
-                                let clip_ids: Vec<uuid::Uuid> = self.selection.clip_instances().to_vec();
+                                let clip_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4();
-                                if clip_ids.len() >= 2 {
+                                let instance_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4();
-                                    let instance_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4();
+                                let action = lightningbeam_core::actions::GroupAction::new(
-                                    let action = lightningbeam_core::actions::GroupAction::new(
+                                    layer_id, self.playback_time, fills, edges, clip_id, instance_id,
-                                        layer_id, self.playback_time, Vec::new(), clip_ids, instance_id,
+                                );
-                                    );
+                                if let Err(e) = self.action_executor.execute(Box::new(action)) {
-                                    if let Err(e) = self.action_executor.execute(Box::new(action)) {
+                                    eprintln!("Failed to group: {}", e);
-                                        eprintln!("Failed to group: {}", e);
+                                } else {
-                                    } else {
+                                    self.selection.clear();
-                                        self.selection.clear();
+                                    self.selection.add_clip_instance(instance_id);
-                                        self.selection.add_clip_instance(instance_id);
-                                    }
                                 }
                             }
-                            let _ = layer_id;
+                            // (Grouping existing clip instances is a separate op, not wired.)
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -3488,24 +3434,18 @@ impl EditorApp {
             MenuAction::ConvertToMovieClip => {
                 if let Some(layer_id) = self.active_layer_id {
                     if self.selection.has_geometry_selection() {
-                        // TODO: DCEL convert-to-movie-clip deferred to Phase 2
+                        let fills: Vec<_> = self.selection.selected_fills().iter().copied().collect();
-                    } else {
+                        let edges: Vec<_> = self.selection.selected_edges().iter().copied().collect();
-                        let clip_ids: Vec<uuid::Uuid> = self.selection.clip_instances().to_vec();
+                        let clip_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4();
-                        if clip_ids.len() >= 1 {
+                        let instance_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4();
-                            let instance_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4();
+                        let action = lightningbeam_core::actions::ConvertToMovieClipAction::new(
-                            let action = lightningbeam_core::actions::ConvertToMovieClipAction::new(
+                            layer_id, self.playback_time, fills, edges, clip_id, instance_id,
-                                layer_id,
+                        );
-                                self.playback_time,
+                        if let Err(e) = self.action_executor.execute(Box::new(action)) {
-                                Vec::new(),
+                            eprintln!("Failed to convert to movie clip: {}", e);
-                                clip_ids,
+                        } else {
-                                instance_id,
+                            self.selection.clear();
-                            );
+                            self.selection.add_clip_instance(instance_id);
-                            if let Err(e) = self.action_executor.execute(Box::new(action)) {
-                                eprintln!("Failed to convert to movie clip: {}", e);
-                            } else {
-                                self.selection.clear();
-                                self.selection.add_clip_instance(instance_id);
-                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -3660,7 +3600,7 @@ impl EditorApp {
 
                 let doc = self.action_executor.document();
                 let (doc_w, doc_h) = (doc.width as u32, doc.height as u32);
-                drop(doc);
+                let _ = doc;
                 let mut layer = RasterLayer::new(layer_name);
                 layer.ensure_keyframe_at(self.playback_time, doc_w, doc_h);
                 let action = lightningbeam_core::actions::AddLayerAction::new(AnyLayer::Raster(layer))
@@ -3785,8 +3725,16 @@ impl EditorApp {
                 // TODO: Implement add motion tween
             }
             MenuAction::AddShapeTween => {
-                println!("Menu: Add Shape Tween");
+                if let Some(layer_id) = self.active_layer_id {
-                // TODO: Implement add shape tween
+                    let action = lightningbeam_core::actions::SetTweenAction::new(
+                        layer_id,
+                        self.playback_time,
+                        lightningbeam_core::layer::TweenType::Shape,
+                    );
+                    if let Err(e) = self.action_executor.execute(Box::new(action)) {
+                        eprintln!("Failed to add shape tween: {}", e);
+                    }
+                }
             }
             MenuAction::ReturnToStart => {
                 println!("Menu: Return to Start");
@@ -3816,6 +3764,9 @@ impl EditorApp {
             MenuAction::RecenterView => {
                 self.pending_view_action = Some(MenuAction::RecenterView);
             }
+            MenuAction::ToggleOnionSkin => {
+                self.onion_skin.enabled = !self.onion_skin.enabled;
+            }
             MenuAction::NextLayout => {
                 println!("Menu: Next Layout");
                 let next_index = (self.current_layout_index + 1) % self.layouts.len();
@@ -4915,15 +4866,22 @@ impl EditorApp {
 
         // Add clip instance or shape to the target layer
         if let Some(layer_id) = target_layer_id {
-            // For images, create a shape with image fill instead of a clip instance
+            // For images, create an image-filled rectangle on the (vector) layer,
+            // centered on the canvas at native size.
             if asset_info.clip_type == panes::DragClipType::Image {
-                // Get image dimensions
+                let (img_w, img_h) = asset_info.dimensions.unwrap_or((100.0, 100.0));
-                let (width, height) = asset_info.dimensions.unwrap_or((100.0, 100.0));
+                let (doc_w, doc_h) = {
-
+                    let d = self.action_executor.document();
-                // TODO: Image fills on DCEL faces are a separate feature.
+                    (d.width as f64, d.height as f64)
-                // For now, just log a message.
+                };
-                let _ = (layer_id, width, height);
+                let x = (doc_w - img_w) / 2.0;
-                eprintln!("Image drop to canvas not yet supported with DCEL backend");
+                let y = (doc_h - img_h) / 2.0;
+                let action = lightningbeam_core::actions::AddShapeAction::image_rect(
+                    layer_id, self.playback_time, x, y, img_w, img_h, asset_info.clip_id,
+                );
+                if let Err(e) = self.action_executor.execute(Box::new(action)) {
+                    eprintln!("Failed to place image: {}", e);
+                }
             } else {
                 // For clips, create a clip instance
                 let mut clip_instance = ClipInstance::new(asset_info.clip_id)
@@ -5781,7 +5739,7 @@ impl eframe::App for EditorApp {
                                 .map(|(&lid, _)| lid);
                             if let Some(layer_id) = recording_layer {
                                 // First, find the clip instance and clip id
-                                let (clip_id, instance_id, timeline_start, trim_start) = {
+                                let (clip_id, instance_id, _timeline_start, _trim_start) = {
                                     let document = self.action_executor.document();
                                     document.get_layer(&layer_id)
                                         .and_then(|layer| {
@@ -6195,17 +6153,17 @@ impl eframe::App for EditorApp {
         self.render_large_media_prompt(ctx);
 
         // Render video frames incrementally (if video export in progress)
-        if let Some(orchestrator) = &mut self.export_orchestrator {
+        let exporting = self.export_orchestrator.as_ref().map_or(false, |o| o.is_exporting());
-            if orchestrator.is_exporting() {
+        if exporting {
-                // Get GPU resources from eframe's wgpu render state
+            if let Some(render_state) = frame.wgpu_render_state() {
-                if let Some(render_state) = frame.wgpu_render_state() {
+                let device = &render_state.device;
-                    let device = &render_state.device;
+                let queue = &render_state.queue;
-                    let queue = &render_state.queue;
 
-                    // Create temporary renderer and image cache for export
+                // Build the renderer + image cache ONCE per export (reused every frame).
-                    // Note: Creating a new renderer per frame is inefficient but simple
+                // The image cache is given the container path so lazily-paged image assets
-                    // TODO: Reuse renderer across frames by storing it in EditorApp
+                // (Phase 4 Tier 1) decode during export.
-                    let mut temp_renderer = vello::Renderer::new(
+                if self.export_renderer.is_none() {
+                    self.export_renderer = vello::Renderer::new(
                         device,
                         vello::RendererOptions {
                             use_cpu: false,
@@ -6214,43 +6172,52 @@ impl eframe::App for EditorApp {
                             pipeline_cache: None,
                         },
                     ).ok();
+                    let mut ic = lightningbeam_core::renderer::ImageCache::new();
+                    ic.set_container_path(self.current_file_path.clone());
+                    self.export_image_cache = Some(ic);
+                }
 
-                    let mut temp_image_cache = lightningbeam_core::renderer::ImageCache::new();
+                if let (Some(renderer), Some(image_cache), Some(orchestrator)) = (
-
+                    self.export_renderer.as_mut(),
-                    if let Some(renderer) = &mut temp_renderer {
+                    self.export_image_cache.as_mut(),
-                        // Drive incremental video export.
+                    self.export_orchestrator.as_mut(),
-                        if let Ok(has_more) = orchestrator.render_next_video_frame(
+                ) {
-                            self.action_executor.document_mut(),
+                    // Drive incremental video export.
-                            device,
+                    if let Ok(has_more) = orchestrator.render_next_video_frame(
-                            queue,
+                        self.action_executor.document_mut(),
-                            renderer,
+                        device,
-                            &mut temp_image_cache,
+                        queue,
-                            &self.video_manager,
+                        renderer,
-                            Some(&self.raster_store),
+                        image_cache,
-                        ) {
+                        &self.video_manager,
-                            if has_more {
+                        Some(&self.raster_store),
-                                ctx.request_repaint();
+                    ) {
-                            }
+                        if has_more {
+                            ctx.request_repaint();
                         }
+                    }
 
-                        // Drive single-frame image export (two-frame async: render then readback).
+                    // Drive single-frame image export (two-frame async: render then readback).
-                        match orchestrator.render_image_frame(
+                    match orchestrator.render_image_frame(
-                            self.action_executor.document_mut(),
+                        self.action_executor.document_mut(),
-                            device,
+                        device,
-                            queue,
+                        queue,
-                            renderer,
+                        renderer,
-                            &mut temp_image_cache,
+                        image_cache,
-                            &self.video_manager,
+                        &self.video_manager,
-                            self.selection.raster_floating.as_ref(),
+                        self.selection.raster_floating.as_ref(),
-                            Some(&self.raster_store),
+                        Some(&self.raster_store),
-                        ) {
+                    ) {
-                            Ok(false) => { ctx.request_repaint(); } // readback pending
+                        Ok(false) => { ctx.request_repaint(); } // readback pending
-                            Ok(true)  => {}                          // done or cancelled
+                        Ok(true)  => {}                          // done or cancelled
-                            Err(e)    => { eprintln!("Image export failed: {e}"); }
+                        Err(e)    => { eprintln!("Image export failed: {e}"); }
-                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
+        } else if self.export_renderer.is_some() {
+            // Export finished — free the renderer + cache.
+            self.export_renderer = None;
+            self.export_image_cache = None;
         }
 
         // Poll export orchestrator for progress
@@ -6459,6 +6426,14 @@ impl eframe::App for EditorApp {
             // Create render context
             let mut ctx = RenderContext {
                 shared: panes::SharedPaneState {
+                    container_path: self.current_file_path.clone(),
+                    onion: {
+                        // Onion skinning is disabled during playback.
+                        let mut o = self.onion_skin;
+                        o.enabled = o.enabled && !self.is_playing;
+                        o
+                    },
+                    onion_skin: &mut self.onion_skin,
                     tool_icon_cache: &mut self.tool_icon_cache,
                     icon_cache: &mut self.icon_cache,
                     selected_tool: &mut self.selected_tool,
@@ -6534,13 +6509,12 @@ impl eframe::App for EditorApp {
                     graph_topology_generation: &mut self.graph_topology_generation,
                     script_to_edit: &mut self.script_to_edit,
                     script_saved: &mut self.script_saved,
-                    region_selection: &mut self.region_selection,
+                    pending_region_cut_base: &mut self.pending_region_cut_base,
                     region_select_mode: &mut self.region_select_mode,
                     lasso_mode: &mut self.lasso_mode,
                     pending_graph_loads: &self.pending_graph_loads,
                     clipboard_consumed: &mut clipboard_consumed,
                     keymap: &self.keymap,
-                    commit_raster_floating_if_any: &mut self.commit_raster_floating_if_any,
                     pending_node_group: &mut self.pending_node_group,
                     pending_node_ungroup: &mut self.pending_node_ungroup,
                     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -6973,21 +6947,21 @@ impl eframe::App for EditorApp {
             }
         }
 
-        // Escape key: cancel floating raster selection or revert uncommitted region selection
+        // Escape key: cancel floating raster selection, or clear the geometry selection
         if !wants_keyboard && ctx.input(|i| self.keymap.action_pressed(keymap::AppAction::CancelAction, i)) {
             if self.selection.raster_floating.is_some() {
                 self.cancel_raster_floating();
             } else if self.selection.raster_selection.is_some() {
                 self.selection.raster_selection = None;
-            } else if self.region_selection.is_some() {
+            } else if self.selection.has_geometry_selection() {
-                Self::revert_region_selection(
+                self.selection.clear_geometry_selection();
-                    &mut self.region_selection,
-                    &mut self.action_executor,
-                    &mut self.selection,
-                );
             }
         }
 
+        // After all input is processed, if a region selection was deselected without any
+        // intervening edit, heal (undo) its cut so the lasso is non-destructive.
+        self.resolve_pending_region_cut();
+
         // F3 debug overlay toggle (works even when text input is active)
         if ctx.input(|i| self.keymap.action_pressed(keymap::AppAction::ToggleDebugOverlay, i)) {
             self.debug_overlay_visible = !self.debug_overlay_visible;
@@ -7501,7 +7475,7 @@ fn render_pane(
             // Active tab highlight with per-corner rounding
             if is_active {
                 let cr = corner_r as u8;
-                let rounding = egui::Rounding {
+                let rounding = egui::CornerRadius {
                     nw: if i == 0 { cr } else { 0 },
                     sw: if i == 0 { cr } else { 0 },
                     ne: if i == n - 1 { cr } else { 0 },
@@ -7546,7 +7520,7 @@ fn render_pane(
             if tab_response.hovered() && !is_active {
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(
                     tab_rect,
-                    egui::Rounding {
+                    egui::CornerRadius {
                         nw: if i == 0 { corner_r as u8 } else { 0 },
                         sw: if i == 0 { corner_r as u8 } else { 0 },
                         ne: if i == n - 1 { corner_r as u8 } else { 0 },

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/menu.rs

@@ -332,6 +332,7 @@ pub enum MenuAction {
     ZoomOut,
     ActualSize,
     RecenterView,
+    ToggleOnionSkin,
     NextLayout,
     PreviousLayout,
     #[allow(dead_code)] // Handler exists in main.rs, menu item not yet wired
@@ -432,6 +433,7 @@ impl MenuItemDef {
     const ZOOM_OUT: Self = Self { label: "Zoom Out", action: MenuAction::ZoomOut, shortcut: Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::Minus, CTRL, NO_SHIFT, NO_ALT)) };
     const ACTUAL_SIZE: Self = Self { label: "Actual Size", action: MenuAction::ActualSize, shortcut: Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::Num0, CTRL, NO_SHIFT, NO_ALT)) };
     const RECENTER_VIEW: Self = Self { label: "Recenter View", action: MenuAction::RecenterView, shortcut: None };
+    const TOGGLE_ONION_SKIN: Self = Self { label: "Onion Skinning", action: MenuAction::ToggleOnionSkin, shortcut: Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::O, NO_CTRL, NO_SHIFT, NO_ALT)) };
     const NEXT_LAYOUT: Self = Self { label: "Next Layout", action: MenuAction::NextLayout, shortcut: Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::BracketRight, CTRL, NO_SHIFT, NO_ALT)) };
     const PREVIOUS_LAYOUT: Self = Self { label: "Previous Layout", action: MenuAction::PreviousLayout, shortcut: Some(Shortcut::new(ShortcutKey::BracketLeft, CTRL, NO_SHIFT, NO_ALT)) };
 
@@ -455,6 +457,7 @@ impl MenuItemDef {
             &Self::DELETE, &Self::SELECT_ALL, &Self::SELECT_NONE,
             &Self::GROUP, &Self::ADD_LAYER, &Self::NEW_KEYFRAME,
             &Self::ZOOM_IN, &Self::ZOOM_OUT, &Self::ACTUAL_SIZE,
+            &Self::TOGGLE_ONION_SKIN,
             &Self::NEXT_LAYOUT, &Self::PREVIOUS_LAYOUT,
             &Self::SETTINGS, &Self::CLOSE_WINDOW,
         ]
@@ -566,6 +569,7 @@ impl MenuItemDef {
                     MenuDef::Item(&Self::ZOOM_OUT),
                     MenuDef::Item(&Self::ACTUAL_SIZE),
                     MenuDef::Item(&Self::RECENTER_VIEW),
+                    MenuDef::Item(&Self::TOGGLE_ONION_SKIN),
                     MenuDef::Separator,
                     MenuDef::Submenu {
                         label: "Layout",

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/gradient_editor.rs

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ pub fn gradient_stop_editor(
     // ── Paint handles ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     // handle_rects was built before any deletions this frame; guard against OOB.
     for (i, h_rect) in handle_rects.iter().enumerate().take(gradient.stops.len()) {
-        let col = ShapeColor_to_Color32(gradient.stops[i].color);
+        let col = shape_color_to_color32(gradient.stops[i].color);
         let is_selected = *selected_stop == Some(i);
         let stroke = Stroke::new(
             if is_selected { 2.0 } else { 1.0 },
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ pub fn gradient_stop_editor(
 
 // ── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-fn ShapeColor_to_Color32(c: ShapeColor) -> Color32 {
+fn shape_color_to_color32(c: ShapeColor) -> Color32 {
     Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(c.r, c.g, c.b, c.a)
 }
 

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/infopanel.rs

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
 /// - Document settings (when nothing is focused)
 
 use eframe::egui::{self, DragValue, Ui};
-use lightningbeam_core::brush_settings::{bundled_brushes, BrushSettings};
+use lightningbeam_core::brush_settings::bundled_brushes;
-use lightningbeam_core::actions::{SetDocumentPropertiesAction, SetShapePropertiesAction, SetFillPaintAction};
+use lightningbeam_core::actions::{SetDocumentPropertiesAction, SetShapePropertiesAction, SetFillPaintAction, SetImageFillAction};
 use lightningbeam_core::gradient::ShapeGradient;
 use lightningbeam_core::layer::{AnyLayer, LayerTrait};
 use lightningbeam_core::selection::FocusSelection;
@@ -785,6 +785,26 @@ impl InfopanelPane {
         let edge_ids: Vec<lightningbeam_core::vector_graph::EdgeId> = shared.selection.selected_edges()
             .iter().map(|eid| lightningbeam_core::vector_graph::EdgeId(eid.0)).collect();
 
+        // Image-fill state for the selected fills + the document's image assets, for
+        // the picker below. Gathered now (immutable read) before `shared` is borrowed mut.
+        let image_assets: Vec<(Uuid, String)> = {
+            let doc = shared.action_executor.document();
+            let mut v: Vec<(Uuid, String)> = doc.image_assets.iter()
+                .map(|(id, a)| (*id, a.name.clone())).collect();
+            v.sort_by(|a, b| a.1.cmp(&b.1));
+            v
+        };
+        let current_image_fill: Option<Uuid> = {
+            let doc = shared.action_executor.document();
+            match doc.get_layer(&layer_id) {
+                Some(lightningbeam_core::layer::AnyLayer::Vector(vl)) => vl
+                    .graph_at_time(time)
+                    .and_then(|g| face_ids.first().map(|&fid| g.fill(fid).image_fill))
+                    .flatten(),
+                _ => None,
+            }
+        };
+
         egui::CollapsingHeader::new("Shape")
             .id_salt(("shape", path))
             .default_open(self.shape_section_open)
@@ -792,47 +812,67 @@ impl InfopanelPane {
                 self.shape_section_open = true;
                 ui.add_space(4.0);
 
-                // Fill — determine current fill type
+                // Fill — determine current fill type. `image_fill` takes render priority,
+                // so when set it's the active type (overriding colour/gradient underneath);
+                // switching to None/Solid/Gradient clears it.
+                let has_image = current_image_fill.is_some();
                 let has_gradient = matches!(&info.fill_gradient, Some(Some(_)));
                 let has_solid = matches!(&info.fill_color, Some(Some(_)));
                 let fill_is_none = matches!(&info.fill_color, Some(None))
                     && matches!(&info.fill_gradient, Some(None));
                 let fill_mixed = info.fill_color.is_none() && info.fill_gradient.is_none();
 
-                // Fill type toggle row
+                // Fill type toggle row: None | Solid | Gradient | Image
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     ui.label("Fill:");
                     if fill_mixed {
                         ui.label("--");
                     } else {
-                        if ui.selectable_label(fill_is_none, "None").clicked() && !fill_is_none {
+                        if ui.selectable_label(fill_is_none && !has_image, "None").clicked() {
-                            let action = SetFillPaintAction::solid(
+                            if has_image {
-                                layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), None,
+                                shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(
-                            );
+                                    SetImageFillAction::new(layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), None)));
-                            shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(action));
+                            }
+                            shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(
+                                SetFillPaintAction::solid(layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), None)));
                         }
-                        if ui.selectable_label(has_solid || (!has_gradient && !fill_is_none), "Solid").clicked() && !has_solid {
+                        if ui.selectable_label(has_solid && !has_image, "Solid").clicked() {
-                            // Switch to solid: use existing color or default to black
+                            if has_image {
-                            let color = info.fill_color.flatten()
+                                shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(
-                                .unwrap_or(ShapeColor::rgba(0, 0, 0, 255));
+                                    SetImageFillAction::new(layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), None)));
-                            let action = SetFillPaintAction::solid(
+                            }
-                                layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), Some(color),
+                            if !has_solid {
-                            );
+                                let color = info.fill_color.flatten()
-                            shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(action));
+                                    .unwrap_or(ShapeColor::rgba(0, 0, 0, 255));
+                                shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(
+                                    SetFillPaintAction::solid(layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), Some(color))));
+                            }
                         }
-                        if ui.selectable_label(has_gradient, "Gradient").clicked() && !has_gradient {
+                        if ui.selectable_label(has_gradient && !has_image, "Gradient").clicked() {
-                            let grad = info.fill_gradient.clone().flatten()
+                            if has_image {
-                                .unwrap_or_default();
+                                shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(
-                            let action = SetFillPaintAction::gradient(
+                                    SetImageFillAction::new(layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), None)));
-                                layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), Some(grad),
+                            }
-                            );
+                            if !has_gradient {
-                            shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(action));
+                                let grad = info.fill_gradient.clone().flatten().unwrap_or_default();
+                                shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(
+                                    SetFillPaintAction::gradient(layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), Some(grad))));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // Image tab — only offered if there are imported image assets.
+                        if !image_assets.is_empty() || has_image {
+                            if ui.selectable_label(has_image, "Image").clicked() && !has_image {
+                                if let Some((aid, _)) = image_assets.first() {
+                                    shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(
+                                        SetImageFillAction::new(layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), Some(*aid))));
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 });
 
                 // Solid fill color editor
-                if !fill_mixed && has_solid {
+                if !fill_mixed && has_solid && !has_image {
                     if let Some(Some(color)) = info.fill_color {
                         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                             let mut rgba = [color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a];
@@ -848,7 +888,7 @@ impl InfopanelPane {
                 }
 
                 // Gradient fill editor
-                if !fill_mixed && has_gradient {
+                if !fill_mixed && has_gradient && !has_image {
                     if let Some(Some(mut grad)) = info.fill_gradient.clone() {
                         if gradient_stop_editor(ui, &mut grad, &mut self.selected_shape_gradient_stop) {
                             let action = SetFillPaintAction::gradient(
@@ -859,6 +899,28 @@ impl InfopanelPane {
                     }
                 }
 
+                // Image fill editor — pick which asset (active Image type).
+                if has_image {
+                    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                        ui.label("Image:");
+                        let selected_text = current_image_fill
+                            .and_then(|id| image_assets.iter().find(|(aid, _)| *aid == id))
+                            .map(|(_, n)| n.clone())
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| "(missing)".to_string());
+                        egui::ComboBox::from_id_salt(("image_fill", path))
+                            .selected_text(selected_text)
+                            .show_ui(ui, |ui| {
+                                for (aid, name) in &image_assets {
+                                    if ui.selectable_label(current_image_fill == Some(*aid), name).clicked() {
+                                        shared.pending_actions.push(Box::new(
+                                            SetImageFillAction::new(layer_id, time, face_ids.clone(), Some(*aid)),
+                                        ));
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            });
+                    });
+                }
+
                 // Stroke color
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     ui.label("Stroke:");
@@ -1035,6 +1097,29 @@ impl InfopanelPane {
             });
     }
 
+    /// Render the onion-skinning view settings (global; not tied to selection).
+    fn render_onion_section(&mut self, ui: &mut Ui, path: &NodePath, shared: &mut SharedPaneState) {
+        egui::CollapsingHeader::new("Onion Skin")
+            .id_salt(("onion", path))
+            .default_open(shared.onion_skin.enabled)
+            .show(ui, |ui| {
+                ui.add_space(4.0);
+                ui.checkbox(&mut shared.onion_skin.enabled, "Enabled");
+                ui.add_enabled_ui(shared.onion_skin.enabled, |ui| {
+                    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                        ui.label("Frames before:");
+                        ui.add(DragValue::new(&mut shared.onion_skin.frames_before).range(0..=5));
+                    });
+                    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                        ui.label("Frames after:");
+                        ui.add(DragValue::new(&mut shared.onion_skin.frames_after).range(0..=5));
+                    });
+                    ui.add(egui::Slider::new(&mut shared.onion_skin.opacity, 0.0..=1.0).text("Opacity"));
+                });
+                ui.add_space(4.0);
+            });
+    }
+
     /// Render layer info section
     fn render_layer_section(&self, ui: &mut Ui, path: &NodePath, shared: &SharedPaneState, layer_ids: &[Uuid]) {
         let document = shared.action_executor.document();
@@ -1354,40 +1439,6 @@ impl InfopanelPane {
     }
 }
 
-/// Draw a brush dab preview into `rect` approximating the brush falloff shape.
-///
-/// Renders N concentric filled circles from outermost to innermost.  Because each
-/// inner circle overwrites the pixels of all outer circles beneath it, the visible
-/// alpha at distance `d` from the centre equals the alpha of the innermost circle
-/// whose radius ≥ `d`.  This step-approximates the actual brush falloff formula:
-/// `opa = ((1 − r) / (1 − hardness))²` for `r > hardness`, 1 inside the hard core.
-fn paint_brush_dab(painter: &egui::Painter, rect: egui::Rect, s: &BrushSettings) {
-    let center = rect.center();
-    let max_r = (rect.width().min(rect.height()) / 2.0 - 2.0).max(1.0);
-    let h = s.hardness;
-    let a = s.opaque;
-
-    const N: usize = 12;
-    for i in 0..N {
-        // t: normalized radial position of this ring, 1.0 = outermost edge
-        let t = 1.0 - i as f32 / N as f32;
-        let r = max_r * t;
-
-        let opa_weight = if h >= 1.0 || t <= h {
-            1.0f32
-        } else {
-            let x = (1.0 - t) / (1.0 - h).max(1e-4);
-            (x * x).min(1.0)
-        };
-
-        let alpha = (opa_weight * a * 220.0).min(220.0) as u8;
-        painter.circle_filled(
-            center, r,
-            egui::Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(200, 200, 220, alpha),
-        );
-    }
-}
-
 /// Convert MIDI note number to note name (e.g. 60 -> "C4")
 fn midi_note_name(note: u8) -> String {
     const NAMES: [&str; 12] = ["C", "C#", "D", "D#", "E", "F", "F#", "G", "G#", "A", "A#", "B"];
@@ -1478,6 +1529,12 @@ impl PaneRenderer for InfopanelPane {
                         }
                     }
                 }
+
+                // Onion-skinning view settings — always available, regardless of selection.
+                ui.add_space(8.0);
+                ui.separator();
+                ui.add_space(4.0);
+                self.render_onion_section(ui, path, shared);
             });
     }
 

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/mod.rs

@@ -143,7 +143,45 @@ pub fn find_sampled_audio_track(document: &lightningbeam_core::document::Documen
 }
 
 /// Shared state that all panes can access
+/// Onion-skinning view settings (editor-only; not saved with the document). Ghosts the
+/// active layer's neighbouring keyframes, warm-tinted for past and cool for future.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct OnionSkinSettings {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub frames_before: usize,
+    pub frames_after: usize,
+    /// Opacity of the nearest ghost; further ghosts fall off linearly.
+    pub opacity: f32,
+}
+
+impl Default for OnionSkinSettings {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { enabled: false, frames_before: 2, frames_after: 2, opacity: 0.35 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl OnionSkinSettings {
+    /// RGB tint multipliers for past (warm) and future (cool) ghosts.
+    pub const PAST_TINT: [f32; 3] = [1.0, 0.45, 0.45];
+    pub const FUTURE_TINT: [f32; 3] = [0.45, 0.6, 1.0];
+
+    /// Opacity for the `n`-th ghost away from the current frame (n = 1 is nearest),
+    /// linearly falling off so the furthest ghost is faintest.
+    pub fn ghost_opacity(&self, n: usize, total: usize) -> f32 {
+        if total == 0 { return self.opacity; }
+        let falloff = 1.0 - (n.saturating_sub(1) as f32) / (total as f32);
+        self.opacity * falloff.clamp(0.15, 1.0)
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct SharedPaneState<'a> {
+    /// Current `.beam` container path (for lazily paging image-asset bytes in the
+    /// renderer's ImageCache). `None` before the project is first saved/loaded.
+    pub container_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    /// Effective onion-skin settings (already gated to off during playback by main.rs).
+    pub onion: OnionSkinSettings,
+    /// The raw onion-skin settings, mutable — edited by the Info Panel's controls.
+    pub onion_skin: &'a mut OnionSkinSettings,
     pub tool_icon_cache: &'a mut crate::ToolIconCache,
     #[allow(dead_code)] // Used by pane chrome rendering in main.rs
     pub icon_cache: &'a mut crate::IconCache,
@@ -287,8 +325,10 @@ pub struct SharedPaneState<'a> {
     pub script_to_edit: &'a mut Option<Uuid>,
     /// Script ID that was just saved (triggers auto-recompile of nodes using it)
     pub script_saved: &'a mut Option<Uuid>,
-    /// Active region selection (temporary split state)
+    /// Undo-stack depth recorded before the first region-select cut of the current
-    pub region_selection: &'a mut Option<lightningbeam_core::selection::RegionSelection>,
+    /// selection session. `Some` while a region selection is live and unchanged; lets a
+    /// later deselect heal (undo) the cut if nothing was edited. See `resolve_pending_region_cut`.
+    pub pending_region_cut_base: &'a mut Option<usize>,
     /// Region select mode (Rectangle or Lasso)
     pub region_select_mode: &'a mut lightningbeam_core::tool::RegionSelectMode,
     /// Lasso select sub-mode (Freehand / Polygonal / Magnetic)
@@ -302,9 +342,6 @@ pub struct SharedPaneState<'a> {
     pub clipboard_consumed: &'a mut bool,
     /// Remappable keyboard shortcut manager
     pub keymap: &'a crate::keymap::KeymapManager,
-    /// Set by raster selection tools when they need main to commit the floating
-    /// selection before starting a new interaction.
-    pub commit_raster_floating_if_any: &'a mut bool,
     /// Set by MenuAction::Group when focus is Nodes — consumed by node graph pane
     pub pending_node_group: &'a mut bool,
     /// Set by MenuAction::Group (ungroup variant) when focus is Nodes — consumed by node graph pane

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/piano_roll.rs

@@ -240,12 +240,6 @@ impl PianoRollPane {
         matches!(note % 12, 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 10)
     }
 
-    fn note_name(note: u8) -> String {
-        let names = ["C", "C#", "D", "D#", "E", "F", "F#", "G", "G#", "A", "A#", "B"];
-        let octave = (note / 12) as i32 - 1;
-        format!("{}{}", names[note as usize % 12], octave)
-    }
-
     // ── Note resolution ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     fn resolve_notes(events: &[daw_backend::audio::midi::MidiEvent]) -> Vec<ResolvedNote> {
@@ -736,45 +730,6 @@ impl PianoRollPane {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Generate pitch bend MIDI events for a note based on the zone and target semitones.
-    fn generate_pitch_bend_events(
-        note_start: f64,
-        note_duration: f64,
-        zone: PitchBendZone,
-        semitones: f32,
-        channel: u8,
-        pitch_bend_range: f32,
-    ) -> Vec<daw_backend::audio::midi::MidiEvent> {
-        use daw_backend::audio::midi::MidiEvent;
-        let num_steps: usize = 128;
-        let mut events = Vec::new();
-        let encode_bend = |normalized: f32| -> (u8, u8) {
-            let value_14 = (normalized * 8191.0 + 8192.0).clamp(0.0, 16383.0) as i16;
-            ((value_14 & 0x7F) as u8, ((value_14 >> 7) & 0x7F) as u8)
-        };
-        // Use t directly (0..=1 across the full note) — same formula as the visual ghost.
-        // Start:  peak → 0  (ramps down over full note)
-        // Middle: 0 → peak → 0  (sine arch, peaks at center)
-        // End:    0 → peak  (ramps up over full note)
-        for i in 0..=num_steps {
-            let t = i as f64 / num_steps as f64;
-            let t_f32 = t as f32;
-            // Cosine ease curves: Start+End at equal value = perfectly flat (partition of unity).
-            // Start: (1+cos(πt))/2  — peaks at t=0, smooth decay to 0 at t=1
-            // End:   (1-cos(πt))/2  — 0 at t=0, smooth rise to peak at t=1
-            // Middle: sin(πt)       — arch peaking at t=0.5
-            let normalized = match zone {
-                PitchBendZone::Start  => semitones / pitch_bend_range * (1.0 + (std::f32::consts::PI * t_f32).cos()) * 0.5,
-                PitchBendZone::Middle => semitones / pitch_bend_range * (std::f32::consts::PI * t_f32).sin(),
-                PitchBendZone::End    => semitones / pitch_bend_range * (1.0 - (std::f32::consts::PI * t_f32).cos()) * 0.5,
-            };
-            let timestamp = note_start + t * note_duration;
-            let (lsb, msb) = encode_bend(normalized);
-            events.push(MidiEvent::new(daw_backend::Beats(timestamp), 0xE0 | channel, lsb, msb));
-        }
-        events
-    }
-
     /// Find the lowest available MIDI channel (1–15) not already used by any note
     /// overlapping [note_start, note_end], excluding the note being assigned itself.
     /// Returns the note's current channel unchanged if it is already uniquely assigned (non-zero).
@@ -2408,7 +2363,7 @@ impl PaneRenderer for PianoRollPane {
             let doc = shared.action_executor.document();
             let is_measures = doc.timeline_mode == lightningbeam_core::document::TimelineMode::Measures;
             let tempo_map = doc.tempo_map();
-            drop(doc);
+            let _ = doc;
 
             if is_measures {
                 // Auto-detect grid when selection changes

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/shaders/canvas_blit.wgsl

@@ -67,5 +67,11 @@ fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     let mask = textureSample(mask_tex, mask_sampler, canvas_uv).r;
     let masked_a = c.a * mask;
     let inv_a = select(0.0, 1.0 / c.a, c.a > 1e-6);
-    return vec4<f32>(c.r * inv_a, c.g * inv_a, c.b * inv_a, masked_a);
+    // RGB tint packed into the matrix uniform's unused .w slots ((0,0,0) = no tint).
+    // Screen-blended so it recolors blacks too (outlines → warm/cool ghosts) and
+    // leaves white alone: out = base + tint - base*tint. Used by onion-skin ghosts.
+    let tint = vec3<f32>(transform.col0.w, transform.col1.w, transform.col2.w);
+    let base = vec3<f32>(c.r * inv_a, c.g * inv_a, c.b * inv_a);
+    let tinted = base + tint - base * tint;
+    return vec4<f32>(tinted, masked_a);
 }

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/panes/timeline.rs

@@ -483,7 +483,6 @@ struct AutomationLaneRender {
     value_max: f32,
     accent_color: egui::Color32,
     playback_time: f64,
-    kind: AutomationLaneKind,
 }
 
 /// Pending automation keyframe edit action from curve lane interaction
@@ -1160,7 +1159,7 @@ impl TimelinePane {
                             *shared.recording_clips.get(&layer_id).unwrap_or(&0), daw_backend::Beats::ZERO);
                         let doc_clip_id = shared.action_executor.document_mut().add_audio_clip(doc_clip);
 
-                        let mut clip_instance = ClipInstance::new(doc_clip_id)
+                        let clip_instance = ClipInstance::new(doc_clip_id)
                             .with_timeline_start(start_time);
 
                         if let Some(layer) = shared.action_executor.document_mut().get_layer_mut(&layer_id) {
@@ -3230,7 +3229,6 @@ impl TimelinePane {
                                 value_max: lane.value_max,
                                 accent_color: lane_accent,
                                 playback_time,
-                                kind: lane.kind,
                             });
                         }
                     }
@@ -4054,7 +4052,6 @@ impl TimelinePane {
                             value_max: lane.value_max,
                             accent_color: lane_accent,
                             playback_time,
-                            kind: lane.kind,
                         });
                     }
                 }
@@ -5409,12 +5406,10 @@ impl PaneRenderer for TimelinePane {
         let editing_clip_id = shared.editing_clip_id;
         let mut context_layers = document.context_layers(editing_clip_id.as_ref());
         // Prepend master track as the first row when enabled (only at root context, not inside clips)
-        let master_any_layer;
+        let _master_any_layer;
         if self.show_master_track && editing_clip_id.is_none() {
-            master_any_layer = Some(AnyLayer::Group(document.master_layer.clone()));
+            _master_any_layer = Some(AnyLayer::Group(document.master_layer.clone()));
-            context_layers.insert(0, master_any_layer.as_ref().unwrap());
+            context_layers.insert(0, _master_any_layer.as_ref().unwrap());
-        } else {
-            master_any_layer = None;
         }
         // Use virtual row count (includes expanded group children) for height calculations
         let layer_count = build_timeline_rows(&context_layers).len();

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/raster_tool.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 //! allocates and validates them in [`begin_raster_workspace`]; tools only
 //! dispatch shaders.
 
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use eframe::egui;
 
@@ -25,11 +24,6 @@ pub enum WorkspaceSource {
     Layer {
         layer_id: Uuid,
         time:     f64,
-        /// The keyframe's own UUID (the A-canvas key in `GpuBrushEngine`).
-        kf_id:    Uuid,
-        /// Full canvas dimensions (may differ from workspace dims for floating selections).
-        canvas_w: u32,
-        canvas_h: u32,
     },
     /// Operating on the floating selection.
     Float,
@@ -51,9 +45,6 @@ pub struct RasterWorkspace {
     pub b_canvas_id: Uuid,
     /// C canvas (Rgba16Float) — scratch; tools accumulate dabs here across the stroke.
     pub c_canvas_id: Uuid,
-    /// Optional R8Unorm selection mask (same pixel dimensions as A/B/C).
-    /// `None` means the entire workspace is selected.
-    pub mask_texture: Option<Arc<wgpu::Texture>>,
     /// Pixel dimensions.  A, B, C, and mask are all guaranteed to be this size.
     pub width:  u32,
     pub height: u32,
@@ -69,40 +60,6 @@ pub struct RasterWorkspace {
 }
 
 impl RasterWorkspace {
-    /// Panic-safe bounds check.  Asserts that every GPU canvas exists and has
-    /// the dimensions declared by this workspace.  Called by the framework
-    /// before `begin()` and before each `update()`.
-    pub fn validate(&self, gpu: &crate::gpu_brush::GpuBrushEngine) {
-        for (name, id) in [
-            ("A", self.a_canvas_id),
-            ("B", self.b_canvas_id),
-            ("C", self.c_canvas_id),
-        ] {
-            let canvas = gpu.canvases.get(&id).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!(
-                    "RasterWorkspace::validate: buffer '{}' (id={}) not found in GpuBrushEngine",
-                    name, id
-                )
-            });
-            assert_eq!(
-                canvas.width, self.width,
-                "RasterWorkspace::validate: buffer '{}' width {} != workspace width {}",
-                name, canvas.width, self.width
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                canvas.height, self.height,
-                "RasterWorkspace::validate: buffer '{}' height {} != workspace height {}",
-                name, canvas.height, self.height
-            );
-        }
-        let expected = (self.width * self.height * 4) as usize;
-        assert_eq!(
-            self.before_pixels.len(), expected,
-            "RasterWorkspace::validate: before_pixels.len()={} != expected {}",
-            self.before_pixels.len(), expected
-        );
-    }
-
     /// Returns the three canvas UUIDs as an array (convenient for bulk removal).
     pub fn canvas_ids(&self) -> [Uuid; 3] {
         [self.a_canvas_id, self.b_canvas_id, self.c_canvas_id]
@@ -208,11 +165,6 @@ pub trait RasterTool: Send + Sync {
     /// the operation was a no-op (e.g. the pointer never moved).
     fn finish(&mut self, ws: &RasterWorkspace) -> bool;
 
-    /// Called on **Escape** or tool switch mid-stroke.  The caller restores the
-    /// source pixels from `ws.before_pixels` without creating an undo entry; the
-    /// tool just cleans up internal state.
-    fn cancel(&mut self, ws: &RasterWorkspace);
-
     /// Called once per frame (in the VelloCallback construction, UI thread) to
     /// extract pending GPU work accumulated by `begin()` / `update()`.
     ///
@@ -377,384 +329,7 @@ impl RasterTool for BrushRasterTool {
         self.has_dabs
     }
 
-    fn cancel(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) {
-        self.pending = None;
-        self.has_dabs = false;
-    }
-
     fn take_pending_gpu_work(&mut self) -> Option<Box<dyn PendingGpuWork>> {
         self.pending.take().map(|w| w as Box<dyn PendingGpuWork>)
     }
 }
-
-// ── EffectBrushTool ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// Raster tool for effect brushes (Blur, Sharpen, Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Desaturate).
-///
-/// C accumulates a per-pixel influence weight (R channel, 0–255).
-/// The composite pass applies the effect to A, scaled by C.r, writing to B:
-///   `B = lerp(A, effect(A), C.r)`
-///
-/// Using C as an influence map (rather than accumulating modified pixels) prevents
-/// overlapping dabs from compounding the effect beyond the C.r cap (255).
-///
-/// # GPU implementation (TODO)
-/// Requires a dedicated `effect_brush_composite.wgsl` shader that reads A and C,
-/// applies the blend-mode-specific filter to A, and blends by C.r → B.
-pub struct EffectBrushTool {
-    brush:      BrushSettings,
-    blend_mode: RasterBlendMode,
-    has_dabs:   bool,
-}
-
-impl EffectBrushTool {
-    pub fn new(brush: BrushSettings, blend_mode: RasterBlendMode) -> Self {
-        Self { brush, blend_mode, has_dabs: false }
-    }
-}
-
-impl RasterTool for EffectBrushTool {
-    fn begin(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {}
-    fn update(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        self.has_dabs = true; // placeholder
-    }
-    fn finish(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) -> bool { self.has_dabs }
-    fn cancel(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) { self.has_dabs = false; }
-    // GPU shaders not yet implemented; take_pending_gpu_work returns None (default).
-}
-
-// ── SmudgeTool ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// Raster tool for the smudge brush.
-///
-/// `begin()`: copy A → C so C starts with the source pixels for color pickup.
-/// `update()`: dispatch smudge dabs using `blend_mode=2` (reads C as source,
-///   writes smear to C); then composite C over A → B.
-///   Because the smudge shader reads from `canvas_src` (C.src) and writes to
-///   `canvas_dst` (C.dst), existing dabs are preserved in the smear history.
-///
-/// # GPU implementation (TODO)
-/// Requires an initial A → C copy in `begin()` (via GPU copy command).
-/// The smudge dab dispatch then uses `render_dabs(c_id, smudge_dabs, ...)`.
-/// The composite pass is `composite_a_c_to_b` (same as BrushRasterTool).
-pub struct SmudgeTool {
-    brush:    BrushSettings,
-    has_dabs: bool,
-}
-
-impl SmudgeTool {
-    pub fn new(brush: BrushSettings) -> Self {
-        Self { brush, has_dabs: false }
-    }
-}
-
-impl RasterTool for SmudgeTool {
-    fn begin(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {}
-    fn update(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        self.has_dabs = true; // placeholder
-    }
-    fn finish(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) -> bool { self.has_dabs }
-    fn cancel(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) { self.has_dabs = false; }
-    // GPU shaders not yet implemented; take_pending_gpu_work returns None (default).
-}
-
-// ── GradientRasterTool ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-use crate::gpu_brush::GpuGradientStop;
-use lightningbeam_core::gradient::{GradientExtend, GradientType, ShapeGradient};
-
-fn gradient_stops_to_gpu(gradient: &ShapeGradient) -> Vec<GpuGradientStop> {
-    gradient.stops.iter().map(|s| {
-        GpuGradientStop::from_srgb_u8(s.position, s.color.r, s.color.g, s.color.b, s.color.a)
-    }).collect()
-}
-
-fn gradient_extend_to_u32(extend: GradientExtend) -> u32 {
-    match extend {
-        GradientExtend::Pad     => 0,
-        GradientExtend::Reflect => 1,
-        GradientExtend::Repeat  => 2,
-    }
-}
-
-fn gradient_kind_to_u32(kind: GradientType) -> u32 {
-    match kind {
-        GradientType::Linear => 0,
-        GradientType::Radial => 1,
-    }
-}
-
-struct PendingGradientWork {
-    a_id:        Uuid,
-    b_id:        Uuid,
-    stops:       Vec<GpuGradientStop>,
-    start:       (f32, f32),
-    end:         (f32, f32),
-    opacity:     f32,
-    extend_mode: u32,
-    kind:        u32,
-}
-
-impl PendingGpuWork for PendingGradientWork {
-    fn execute(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &wgpu::Queue, gpu: &mut crate::gpu_brush::GpuBrushEngine) {
-        gpu.apply_gradient_fill(
-            device, queue,
-            &self.a_id, &self.b_id,
-            &self.stops,
-            self.start, self.end,
-            self.opacity, self.extend_mode, self.kind,
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-/// Raster tool for gradient fills.
-///
-/// `begin()` records the canvas-local start position.
-/// `update()` recomputes gradient parameters from settings and queues a
-/// `PendingGradientWork` that calls `apply_gradient_fill` in `prepare()`.
-/// `finish()` returns whether any gradient was dispatched.
-pub struct GradientRasterTool {
-    start_canvas:   egui::Vec2,
-    end_canvas:     egui::Vec2,
-    pending:        Option<Box<PendingGradientWork>>,
-    has_dispatched: bool,
-}
-
-impl GradientRasterTool {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            start_canvas:   egui::Vec2::ZERO,
-            end_canvas:     egui::Vec2::ZERO,
-            pending:        None,
-            has_dispatched: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl RasterTool for GradientRasterTool {
-    fn begin(&mut self, ws: &RasterWorkspace, pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        let canvas_pos = pos - egui::vec2(ws.x as f32, ws.y as f32);
-        self.start_canvas = canvas_pos;
-        self.end_canvas   = canvas_pos;
-    }
-
-    fn update(&mut self, ws: &RasterWorkspace, pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        self.end_canvas = pos - egui::vec2(ws.x as f32, ws.y as f32);
-        let gradient = &settings.gradient;
-        self.pending = Some(Box::new(PendingGradientWork {
-            a_id:        ws.a_canvas_id,
-            b_id:        ws.b_canvas_id,
-            stops:       gradient_stops_to_gpu(gradient),
-            start:       (self.start_canvas.x, self.start_canvas.y),
-            end:         (self.end_canvas.x,   self.end_canvas.y),
-            opacity:     settings.gradient_opacity,
-            extend_mode: gradient_extend_to_u32(gradient.extend),
-            kind:        gradient_kind_to_u32(gradient.kind),
-        }));
-        self.has_dispatched = true;
-    }
-
-    fn finish(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) -> bool { self.has_dispatched }
-
-    fn cancel(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) {
-        self.pending        = None;
-        self.has_dispatched = false;
-    }
-
-    fn take_pending_gpu_work(&mut self) -> Option<Box<dyn PendingGpuWork>> {
-        self.pending.take().map(|w| w as Box<dyn PendingGpuWork>)
-    }
-}
-
-// ── TransformRasterTool ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-use crate::gpu_brush::RasterTransformGpuParams;
-
-struct PendingTransformWork {
-    a_id:   Uuid,
-    b_id:   Uuid,
-    params: RasterTransformGpuParams,
-}
-
-impl PendingGpuWork for PendingTransformWork {
-    fn execute(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &wgpu::Queue, gpu: &mut crate::gpu_brush::GpuBrushEngine) {
-        gpu.render_transform(device, queue, &self.a_id, &self.b_id, self.params);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Raster tool for affine transforms (move, scale, rotate, shear).
-///
-/// `begin()` stores the initial canvas dimensions and queues an identity
-/// transform so B is initialised on the first frame.
-/// `update()` recomputes the inverse affine matrix from the current handle
-/// positions and queues a new `PendingTransformWork`.
-///
-/// The inverse matrix maps output pixel coordinates back to source pixel
-/// coordinates:  `src = M_inv * dst + b`
-/// where `M_inv = [[a00, a01], [a10, a11]]` and `b = [b0, b1]`.
-///
-/// # GPU implementation
-/// Fully wired — uses `GpuBrushEngine::render_transform`.  Handle interaction
-/// logic (drag, rotate, scale) is handled by the tool's `update()` caller in
-/// `stage.rs` which computes and passes in the `RasterTransformGpuParams`.
-pub struct TransformRasterTool {
-    pending:        Option<Box<PendingTransformWork>>,
-    has_dispatched: bool,
-    canvas_w:       u32,
-    canvas_h:       u32,
-}
-
-impl TransformRasterTool {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pending:        None,
-            has_dispatched: false,
-            canvas_w:       0,
-            canvas_h:       0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Queue a transform with the given inverse-affine matrix.
-    /// Called by the stage handler after computing handle positions.
-    pub fn set_transform(
-        &mut self,
-        ws:     &RasterWorkspace,
-        params: RasterTransformGpuParams,
-    ) {
-        self.pending = Some(Box::new(PendingTransformWork {
-            a_id:   ws.a_canvas_id,
-            b_id:   ws.b_canvas_id,
-            params,
-        }));
-        self.has_dispatched = true;
-    }
-}
-
-impl RasterTool for TransformRasterTool {
-    fn begin(&mut self, ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        self.canvas_w = ws.width;
-        self.canvas_h = ws.height;
-        // Queue identity transform so B shows the source immediately.
-        let identity = RasterTransformGpuParams {
-            a00: 1.0, a01: 0.0,
-            a10: 0.0, a11: 1.0,
-            b0: 0.0, b1: 0.0,
-            src_w: ws.width,  src_h: ws.height,
-            dst_w: ws.width,  dst_h: ws.height,
-            _pad0: 0, _pad1: 0,
-        };
-        self.set_transform(ws, identity);
-    }
-
-    fn update(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        // Handle interaction and matrix updates are driven from stage.rs via set_transform().
-    }
-
-    fn finish(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) -> bool { self.has_dispatched }
-
-    fn cancel(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) {
-        self.pending        = None;
-        self.has_dispatched = false;
-    }
-
-    fn take_pending_gpu_work(&mut self) -> Option<Box<dyn PendingGpuWork>> {
-        self.pending.take().map(|w| w as Box<dyn PendingGpuWork>)
-    }
-}
-
-// ── WarpRasterTool ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// Raster tool for warp / mesh deformation.
-///
-/// Uses a displacement buffer (managed by `GpuBrushEngine`) that maps each
-/// output pixel to a source offset.  The displacement grid is updated by
-/// dragging control points; the warp shader reads anchor pixels + displacement
-/// → B each frame.
-///
-/// # GPU implementation (TODO)
-/// Requires: `create_displacement_buf`, `apply_warp` already exist in
-/// `GpuBrushEngine`.  Wire brush-drag interaction to update displacement
-/// entries and call `apply_warp`.
-pub struct WarpRasterTool {
-    has_dispatched: bool,
-}
-
-impl WarpRasterTool {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { Self { has_dispatched: false } }
-}
-
-impl RasterTool for WarpRasterTool {
-    fn begin(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {}
-    fn update(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        self.has_dispatched = true; // placeholder
-    }
-    fn finish(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) -> bool { self.has_dispatched }
-    fn cancel(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) { self.has_dispatched = false; }
-    // take_pending_gpu_work: default (None) — full GPU wiring is TODO.
-}
-
-// ── LiquifyRasterTool ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// Raster tool for liquify (per-pixel displacement painting).
-///
-/// Similar to `WarpRasterTool` but uses a full per-pixel displacement map
-/// (grid_cols = grid_rows = 0 in `apply_warp`) painted by brush strokes.
-/// Each dab accumulates displacement in the push/pull/swirl direction.
-///
-/// # GPU implementation (TODO)
-/// Requires: a dab-to-displacement shader that accumulates per-pixel offsets
-/// into the displacement buffer, then `apply_warp` reads it → B.
-pub struct LiquifyRasterTool {
-    has_dispatched: bool,
-}
-
-impl LiquifyRasterTool {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { Self { has_dispatched: false } }
-}
-
-impl RasterTool for LiquifyRasterTool {
-    fn begin(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {}
-    fn update(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        self.has_dispatched = true; // placeholder
-    }
-    fn finish(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) -> bool { self.has_dispatched }
-    fn cancel(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) { self.has_dispatched = false; }
-    // take_pending_gpu_work: default (None) — full GPU wiring is TODO.
-}
-
-// ── SelectionTool ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// Raster selection tool (Magic Wand / Quick Select).
-///
-/// C (RGBA8) acts as the growing selection; C.r = mask value (0 or 255).
-/// Each `update()` frame a flood-fill / region-grow shader extends C.r.
-/// The composite pass draws A + a tinted overlay from C.r → B so the user
-/// sees the growing selection boundary.
-///
-/// `finish()` returns false (commit does not write pixels back to the layer;
-/// instead the caller extracts C.r into the standalone `R8Unorm` selection
-/// texture via `shared.raster_selection`).
-///
-/// # GPU implementation (TODO)
-/// Requires: a flood-fill compute shader seeded by the click position that
-/// grows the selection in C.r; and a composite shader that tints selected
-/// pixels blue/cyan for preview.
-pub struct SelectionTool {
-    has_selection: bool,
-}
-
-impl SelectionTool {
-    pub fn new() -> Self { Self { has_selection: false } }
-}
-
-impl RasterTool for SelectionTool {
-    fn begin(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {}
-    fn update(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace, _pos: egui::Vec2, _dt: f32, _settings: &crate::tools::RasterToolSettings) {
-        self.has_selection = true; // placeholder
-    }
-    /// Selection tools never trigger a pixel readback/commit on mouseup.
-    /// The caller reads C.r directly into the selection mask texture.
-    fn finish(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) -> bool { false }
-    fn cancel(&mut self, _ws: &RasterWorkspace) { self.has_selection = false; }
-    // take_pending_gpu_work: default (None) — full GPU wiring is TODO.
-}

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/test_mode.rs

@@ -232,15 +232,6 @@ impl TestModeState {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Store geometry context for panic capture.
-    /// Called before risky operations (e.g. region select) so the panic hook
-    /// can include it in the crash file for easier reproduction.
-    pub fn set_pending_geometry(&self, context: serde_json::Value) {
-        if let Ok(mut guard) = self.pending_geometry.try_lock() {
-            *guard = Some(context);
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Clear the pending geometry context (call after the operation succeeds).
     pub fn clear_pending_geometry(&self) {
         if let Ok(mut guard) = self.pending_geometry.try_lock() {

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/theme.rs

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ impl ThemeMode {
 
 /// Background type for CSS backgrounds
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub enum Background {
     Solid(egui::Color32),
     LinearGradient {
@@ -456,6 +457,7 @@ impl Theme {
     }
 
     /// Invalidate the cache (call on stylesheet reload or mode change)
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn invalidate_cache(&self) {
         self.cache.borrow_mut().clear();
     }
@@ -518,6 +520,7 @@ impl Theme {
     }
 
     /// Convenience: resolve and extract a dimension with fallback
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn dimension(&self, context: &[&str], ctx: &egui::Context, property: &str, fallback: f32) -> f32 {
         let style = self.resolve(context, ctx);
         match property {
@@ -534,6 +537,7 @@ impl Theme {
     }
 
     /// Paint background for a region (handles solid/gradient/image)
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub fn paint_bg(
         &self,
         context: &[&str],

lightningbeam-ui/lightningbeam-editor/src/theme_render.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use eframe::egui;
 use crate::theme::Background;
 
 /// Paint a background into the given rect
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub fn paint_background(
     painter: &egui::Painter,
     rect: egui::Rect,
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ pub fn paint_background(
 /// - 90deg = left to right
 /// - 180deg = top to bottom (default)
 /// - 270deg = right to left
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub fn paint_linear_gradient(
     painter: &egui::Painter,
     rect: egui::Rect,